聚合支付是借助银行、非金机构及清算组织的支付结算能力， 整合多个渠道的支付手段， 为商户提供支付、结算、对账甚至是会员管理及进销存管理的服务， 是支付结算业务蓬勃发展的必然结果。二维码支付作为使用便捷度高、推广成本低的支付方式， 被各大非银机构、银行及第三方支付公司大力推广， 在各家机构的二维码不通用的情况给商户和消费者带来了麻烦。聚合支付就是为了解决这一问题产生的， 聚合支付整合了各种二维码， 让我们的支付变得更加便利。可是聚合支付这种形式仍然存在诸多风险， 例如资金风险、信息安全风险、违规操作风险等， 我们需要针对聚合支付存在的问题， 加强监管， 让聚合支付得到进一步的发展。
1. Overview of
Aggregated Payment Aggregated payment is based on the payment and settlement capabilities of banks, non-financial institutions and clearing organizations, and integrates multiple payment methods to provide merchants with payment, settlement, reconciliation, and even member management and invoicing management service. However, aggregate payment does not directly handle payment and settlement transactions, but uses the advantages of different payment channels to provide personalized services for merchants and relies on value-added services to collect commissions. The current online payment platform is still in a fragmented development state. By solving the problem of fragmentation of payment methods, aggregate payment will occupy a large amount of payment settlement market share. Aggregated payment is divided into online and offline parts. Online is online payment, mainly for e-commerce services, and aggregates different payment methods into e-commerce's own payment platform; offline is aggregated payment receipts, providing full channels for physical merchants Payment settlement service. There are three types of institutions for aggregate payment.
First, technology integration (fourth-party model). After being authorized by each payment channel, such institutions develop their own aggregate payment products through technical means to provide merchants with omni-channel aggregate payment solutions. Such institutions do not directly participate The payment and settlement link relies on providing personalized services for merchants to collect commissions.
Secondly, the institutions are directly cleared. These institutions are mainly major commercial banks and large third-party institutions with payment licenses. These institutions use the same technical integration as the fourth party to develop their own aggregate payment products. Provide merchants with an omni-channel aggregate payment solution. The difference is that such institutions are directly responsible for the payment and settlement links, with commission income in each link, and greater advantages in cost control.
Third, the second-clearing category. Most of these institutions are small company institutions or agents. The personnel composition is complex, the company management is chaotic, and the industry self-discipline is lacking. Such institutions provide fund clearing and reconciliation services to merchants through their own accounts. The transaction funds first enter the account of the aggregation payment institution, which not only violates the relevant regulations of the People's Bank of China, but also has serious moral hazard risks. Such an institution is illegal and is the target of regulation.
2. Problems and risks of aggregate payment
1. The prospect of profit model is not clear. Aggregated payment has been generated in recent years, and is very new to market development. The basic profit of the aggregate payment market is mainly the access to aggregate payment tools, software service fees for software services, and rebates on transaction services. In addition, there are profits derived from other targeted services such as derivative value-added service advertisements. Now that the third-party payment market has gradually matured and entered the payment era in 2016, WeChat and Alipay have introduced cash withdrawal policies, changing the status of people withdrawing at random. For aggregate payment, you need to clarify your own profit model, improve your service capabilities in the service market, and actively explore your profit growth space.
2. The risk of secondary liquidation is high. Under normal circumstances, this government does not directly conduct fund settlement and clearing services. Generally, it does not need to have a payment license and is not subject to payment supervision. The main scope of aggregate payment is business that is closely related to payment, but it does not directly contact funds. . When we pay through WeChat and Alipay QR codes, we cannot use credit cards to pay personal accounts, but aggregate payment does not have such restrictions, and at the same time there may be a risk of cash out.
3. Homogeneous competition is fierce. Aggregated payment is an extended industry of third-party payment, and the service of aggregated payment is generated on the basis of third-party payment. On the one hand, aggregation payment is faced with competitive pressures from banks, third-party payment institutions, UnionPay telecom operators, etc. In addition to competing with these institutions, aggregation payment's own service expansion and capacity enhancement are facing many problems. On the other hand, although aggregate payment is an emerging industry, it has developed rapidly in a short period of time. Currently, there are dozens of aggregate payment service companies. Aggregated payment has not yet matured, and it has not yet held a payment license. It still has to be characterized as a third-party payment category. Aggregated payment faces huge competition among peer companies. Whoever matures first will become the industry leader. Otherwise, the opportunity will be eliminated.
4. There are information security risks. Many second-class illegal aggregation payment institutions will carry out illegal clearing services, and will collect and retain customer payment information when performing illegal clearing services, thereby increasing the risk of customer information leakage and making our information security impossible to guarantee. The Central Bank issued the "Notice on Clean-up and Remediation of Illegal Aggregated Payment Services", which has clearly pointed out that aggregation payment institutions must not collect sensitive information retained by merchants and consumers, indicating that the information security of merchants and consumers is threatened. There are two main reasons for aggregate payment institutions to leak customer information. First, the internal management of the aggregation payment institution is imperfect, the information management of the merchants and consumers within the aggregation payment is not in place, and the restrictions on the access information of internal employees are not clear, resulting in large-scale internal employees' personal information that can be read Copying and transferring personal information increases the risk of information leakage from within. Second, the technical level of security protection of the aggregation payment institution is low. Due to the lack of security awareness and technical level of security protection of aggregate payment institutions, many customer information is not encrypted, customer information encryption technology is too simple, and security defense system vulnerabilities and other issues have increased the chance of customer information being stolen and increased the risk of customer information leakage.
5. There is a risk of illegal operation. The aggregation payment operation is not yet mature, many aggregation payment service institutions are still in the development stage, the aggregation payment market is uneven, and there are still institutions that do not have a payment business license. When unlicensed institutions get stable liquidation channels at the docking point of license holders, many aggregations Payment institutions have generated a large number of illegal operations. First, the unlicensed institutions connect with the license holders in the merchant mode. Licensed institutions provide payment and docking services for unlicensed institutions. At this time, unlicensed institutions cooperate with licensed institutions in the name of merchants. Unlicensed institutions pass the merchant's transaction information to the licensed institutions through docking. The licensed institutions provide merchants with relevant channels. Perform fund settlement. Second, the ruling agency and the unlicensed agency shall carry out fund collection or fund transfer cooperation, and the certificate-holding agency project shall settle the merchant ’s acquiring funds in a positive structure, or transfer the funds to the notary institution ’s provider. Third, the certificate holders provide outsourcing services for unlicensed institutions. The certificate holders contract some businesses to unlicensed institutions, mainly including merchant qualification review, agreement signing, and terminal management.
6. The operation of aggregation payment is not yet mature. Many aggregation payment service institutions are still in the development stage. The aggregation payment market is uneven. There are still institutions without payment business licenses. Many aggregation payment institutions have produced a large number of illegal operations. First, the unlicensed institutions connect with the license holders in the merchant mode. Licensed institutions provide payment and docking services for unlicensed institutions. At this time, unlicensed institutions cooperate with licensed institutions in the name of merchants. Unlicensed institutions pass the merchant's transaction information to the licensed institutions through docking. The licensed institutions provide merchants with relevant channels. Perform fund settlement. Second, the ruling agency and the unlicensed agency shall carry out fund collection or fund transfer cooperation, and the certificate-holding agency project shall settle the merchant ’s acquiring funds in a positive structure, or transfer the funds to the notary institution ’s provider. Third, the certificate holders provide outsourcing services for unlicensed institutions. The certificate holders contract some businesses to unlicensed institutions, mainly including merchant qualification review, agreement signing, and terminal management.
3. Measures to standardize aggregate payment
1. Clarify the profit model of aggregate payment. Aggregated payment is a fourth-party payment platform model that integrates omni-channel payment methods, and is an inevitable result of the fragmented development of online and offline payment methods. Aggregate payment institutions have the problem of unclear profit models. Aggregate payment institutions should actively clarify the category of profit models and change the current status of a single profit model. Regulatory departments should guide aggregate payment institutions, lead them to mature, and improve related service businesses.
2. Establish a penetrating full-range supervision system to strengthen supervision. The regulatory department has not been able to monitor the flow of funds between third-party payment institutions and aggregate payment institutions in real time. In 2017, the Central Bank announced that third-party payments will cease the direct-connect banking model by June 2018. Network connection platform transfer, so that the supervisory department can realize all-round supervision of the aggregate payment, and realize the full monitoring of the aggregate payment capital flow, so that the supervisory department can change the current status of supervision after the event, and can engage in multiple angles such as before and after Monitoring and supervision departments should also strengthen cooperation between departments and give full play to the strength of the team.
3. Support differentiated competition between aggregate payment and third-party payment platforms. There are fierce and homogeneous competitions between aggregation payment institutions, but in terms of the current development, the aggregation payment industry is at an early stage, and its competitiveness in the field of payment settlement is not as great as that of traditional third-party payment institutions. For aggregation payment institutions facing fierce competition pressure from the same industry, they can innovate service models, implement differentiated competition, develop new service areas, and develop new service models in existing areas.
Conclusion: Aggregated payment is still in the development stage, and there are still some development and standardization issues. Aggregated payment institutions should actively improve themselves and actively develop new services. Regulatory departments should also improve the supervision of aggregate payment, guide aggregate payment to standardization, and promote the realization of new development of aggregate payment.
