Python项目：学生管理系统（手把手教程）

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前言

准备文件students_page.txt和welcome.txt用来显示系统界面。

1. 结构搭建

思路：

• 创建index.py主程序。
• 创建file_manager.py用来存放处理文件读写相关的方法，使整个结构清晰。

index.py

import file_manager


def start():
    content = file_manager.read_file('welcome.txt')
    while 1:
        operator = input(content + '\n请选择(1-3):')
        if operator == '1':
            print('登录')
        elif operator == '2':
            print('注册')
        elif operator == '3':
            print('退出')
        else:
            print('输入有误')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    start()

file_manager.py

base_dir = './files/'


def read_file(file_name):
    try:
        with open(base_dir + file_name, 'r', encoding='utf8') as file:
            content = file.read()
            return content
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print('文件未找到')

2. 退出功能实现

可以用3种方法实现，index.py代码如下：

import sys

import file_manager


def start():
    content = file_manager.read_file('welcome.txt')
    while 1:
        operator = input(content + '\n请选择(1-3):')
        if operator == '1':
            print('登录')
        elif operator == '2':
            print('注册')
        elif operator == '3':
            # exit(0)
            # break
            sys.exit(0)
        else:
            print('输入有误')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    start()

3. 注册功能实现

思路：

• 输入账号、密码并判断合法性。
• 读取data.json文件，如果文件不存在，默认是一个空字典。
• 创建一个Teacher类的对象，通过对象将账号、密码保存到字典。这里不创建对象，直接使用data[teacher_name] = password也可以。
• 将密码加密（创建一个新的模块tools.py）。

index.py

import sys

import file_manager
import model


def register():
    # 读取文件，查看文件里面是否有数据，如果文件不存在，默认是一个空字典
    data = file_manager.read_json('data.json')
    while 1:
        teacher_name = input('请输入账号(3~6位):')
        if not 3 <= len(teacher_name) <= 6:
            print('账号不符合要求，请重新输入！')
        else:
            break
    if teacher_name in data:
        print('注册失败，该账户已经注册！')
        return
    while 1:
        password = input('请输入密码(6~12位):')
        if not 6 <= len(password) <= 12:
            print('密码不符合要求，请重新输入！')
        else:
            break

    # 账号和密码都已经输入正确后，将数据进行保存
    t = model.Teacher(teacher_name, password)
    data[t.name] = t.password
    # data[teacher_name] = password
    file_manager.write_json('data.json', data)


def login():
    pass


def start():
    content = file_manager.read_file('welcome.txt')
    while 1:
        operator = input(content + '\n请选择(1-3):')
        if operator == '1':
            login()
        elif operator == '2':
            register()
        elif operator == '3':
            # exit(0)
            # break
            sys.exit(0)
        else:
            print('输入有误')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    start()

file_manager.py

base_dir = './files/'


def read_file(file_name):
    try:
        with open(base_dir + file_name, 'r', encoding='utf8') as file:
            content = file.read()
            return content
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print('文件未找到')


def write_json(file_name, data):
    with open(base_dir + file_name, 'w', encoding='utf8') as file:
        import json
        json.dump(data, file)


def read_json(file_name, default_data={}):
    try:
        with open(base_dir + file_name, 'r', encoding='utf8') as file:
            import json
            return json.load(file)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        return default_data

model.py

import tools


class Teacher(object):
    def __init__(self, name, password):
        self.name = name
        self.password = tools.encrypt_password(password)

tools.py

import hashlib


def encrypt_password(passwd, x='asdfgh'):
    h = hashlib.sha256()
    h.update(passwd.encode('utf8'))
    h.update(x.encode('utf8'))
    return h.hexdigest()

4. 登录功能实现

思路：

• 读取文件，判断输入的老师账号是否存在。
• 输入密码，并将输入的密码加密后进行比对，判断密码是否正确。
• 登录成功后，显示学生管理页面。

index.py

import sys

import file_manager
import model
import student_manager


def register():
    # 读取文件，查看文件里面是否有数据，如果文件不存在，默认是一个空字典
    data = file_manager.read_json('data.json')
    while 1:
        teacher_name = input('请输入账号(3~6位):')
        if not 3 <= len(teacher_name) <= 6:
            print('账号不符合要求，请重新输入！')
        else:
            break
    if teacher_name in data:
        print('注册失败，该账户已经注册！')
        return
    while 1:
        password = input('请输入密码(6~12位):')
        if not 6 <= len(password) <= 12:
            print('密码不符合要求，请重新输入！')
        else:
            break

    # 账号和密码都已经输入正确后，将数据进行保存
    t = model.Teacher(teacher_name, password)
    data[t.name] = t.password
    # data[teacher_name] = password
    file_manager.write_json('data.json', data)


def login():
    data = file_manager.read_json('data.json')
    teacher_name = input('请输入老师账号:')
    if teacher_name not in data:
        print('登录失败，该账号没有注册！')
        return
    password = input('请输入密码:')
    import tools
    if data[teacher_name] == tools.encrypt_password(password):
        student_manager.teacher_name = teacher_name
        student_manager.show_manager()
    else:
        print('密码错误，登录失败！')


def start():
    content = file_manager.read_file('welcome.txt')
    while 1:
        operator = input(content + '\n请选择(1-3):')
        if operator == '1':
            login()
        elif operator == '2':
            register()
        elif operator == '3':
            # exit(0)
            # break
            sys.exit(0)
        else:
            print('输入有误')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    start()

student_manager.py

import file_manager

teacher_name = ''


def show_manager():
    # 显示学生管理页面
    content = file_manager.read_file('students_page.txt').format(teacher_name)
    while 1:
        print(content)
        input('请选择(1~5):')

5. 添加学生功能实现

学生管理系统的数据结构设置：

• 一个学生信息对应一个字典
• 整个系统的所有学生：所有学生对应一个列表，列表中的元素全是字典
• 整个系统：一个字典, 字典中有一个key(all_student)，对应的值是所有学生
• 这个字典需要做数据持久化，将数据存储到json文件中, 文件名就是当前登录的账号名

比如jack.json表示jack老师的所有学生：

{
    'all_student': [
        {'name': '张三', 'age': 89, 'tel': '237837293'},
        {'name': '张三', 'age': 89, 'tel': '237837293'},
        {'name': '张三', 'age': 89, 'tel': '237837293'},
        {'name': '张三', 'age': 89, 'tel': '237837293'}
    ],
    'num': 4
}

思路：

• 输入学生信息
• 创建一个Student类
• 将学生信息保存到字典中
• 把字典写入文件里

student_manager.py

import file_manager
import model

teacher_name = ''


def add_student():
    """添加学生"""
    x = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    if not x:
        students = []
        num = 0
    else:
        students = x['all_student']
        num = int(x['num'])
    while 1:

        s_name = input('请输入学生姓名:')
        s_age = input('请输入学生年龄:')
        s_gender = input('请输入学生性别:')
        s_tel = input('请输入学生电话:')

        num += 1
        # zifll()方法，在字符串的前面补0
        s_id = 'stu' + str(num).zfill(4)
        # 创建一个Student对象
        s = model.Student(s_id, s_name, s_age, s_gender, s_tel)
        students.append(s.__dict__)
        data = {'all_student': students, 'num': len(students)}

        # 把数据写入文件中
        file_manager.write_json(teacher_name + '.json', data)
        choice = input('添加成功！\n1.继续\n2.返回\n请选择(1~2):')
        if choice == '2':
            break


def show_student():
    """查看学生"""
    pass


def modify_student():
    """修改学生信息"""
    pass


def delete_student():
    """删除学生"""
    pass


def show_manager():
    # 显示学生管理页面
    content = file_manager.read_file('students_page.txt').format(teacher_name)
    while 1:
        print(content)
        operator = input('请选择(1~5):')
        if operator == '1':
            add_student()
        elif operator == '2':
            show_student()
        elif operator == '3':
            modify_student()
        elif operator == '4':
            delete_student()
        elif operator == '5':
            break
        else:
            print('输入有误！')

model.py

import tools


class Teacher(object):
    def __init__(self, name, password):
        self.name = name
        self.password = tools.encrypt_password(password)


class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, s_id, name, age, gender, tel):
        self.s_id = s_id
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.gender = gender
        self.tel = tel

6. 查找学生功能实现

思路：

• 读取文件，查找所有学生，并打印。
• 按姓名查找。
• 按学号查找。

student_manager.py

import file_manager
import model

teacher_name = ''


def add_student():
    """添加学生"""
    x = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    if not x:
        students = []
        num = 0
    else:
        students = x['all_student']
        num = int(x['num'])
    while 1:

        s_name = input('请输入学生姓名:')
        s_age = input('请输入学生年龄:')
        s_gender = input('请输入学生性别:')
        s_tel = input('请输入学生电话:')

        num += 1
        # zifll()方法，在字符串的前面补0
        s_id = 'stu' + str(num).zfill(4)
        # 创建一个Student对象
        s = model.Student(s_id, s_name, s_age, s_gender, s_tel)
        students.append(s.__dict__)
        data = {'all_student': students, 'num': len(students)}

        # 把数据写入文件中
        file_manager.write_json(teacher_name + '.json', data)
        choice = input('添加成功！\n1.继续\n2.返回\n请选择(1~2):')
        if choice == '2':
            break


def show_student():
    """查找学生"""
    key = value = ''
    x = input('1.查找所有学生\n2.根据姓名查找\n3.根据学号查找\n其他:返回\n请选择:')
    y = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    students = y.get('all_student', [])
    if not students:
        print('该老师还没有学员，请添加学员')
        return
    if x == '1':
        pass
    elif x == '2':
        value = input('请输入学员姓名:')
        key = 'name'
    elif x == '3':
        value = input('请输入学员的id:')
        key = 's_id'
    else:
        return
    students = filter(lambda s: s.get(key, '') == value, students)
    if not students:
        print('未找到学员')
        return
    for student in students:
        print('学号:{s_id}, 姓名:{name},性别:{gender},年龄:{age}, ☎:{tel}'.format(**student))


def modify_student():
    """修改学生信息"""
    pass


def delete_student():
    """删除学生"""
    pass


def show_manager():
    # 显示学生管理页面
    content = file_manager.read_file('students_page.txt').format(teacher_name)
    while 1:
        print(content)
        operator = input('请选择(1~5):')
        if operator == '1':
            add_student()
        elif operator == '2':
            show_student()
        elif operator == '3':
            modify_student()
        elif operator == '4':
            delete_student()
        elif operator == '5':
            break
        else:
            print('输入有误！')

7. 删除学生功能实现

思路：

• 读取文件。
• 按姓名删除。
• 按学号删除。

注意：每个学生信息前面有标号，按照标号修改，就可以不用担心重名了删除哪个学生的问题。

student_manager.py

import file_manager
import model

teacher_name = ''


def add_student():
    """添加学生"""
    x = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    if not x:
        students = []
        num = 0
    else:
        students = x['all_student']
        num = int(x['num'])
    while 1:

        s_name = input('请输入学生姓名:')
        s_age = input('请输入学生年龄:')
        s_gender = input('请输入学生性别:')
        s_tel = input('请输入学生电话:')

        num += 1
        # zifll()方法，在字符串的前面补0
        s_id = 'stu' + str(num).zfill(4)
        # 创建一个Student对象
        s = model.Student(s_id, s_name, s_age, s_gender, s_tel)
        students.append(s.__dict__)
        data = {'all_student': students, 'num': len(students)}

        # 把数据写入文件中
        file_manager.write_json(teacher_name + '.json', data)
        choice = input('添加成功！\n1.继续\n2.返回\n请选择(1~2):')
        if choice == '2':
            break


def show_student():
    """查找学生"""
    key = value = ''
    x = input('1.查找所有学生\n2.根据姓名查找\n3.根据学号查找\n其他:返回\n请选择:')
    y = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    students = y.get('all_student', [])
    if not students:
        print('该老师还没有学员，请添加学员')
        return
    if x == '1':
        pass
    elif x == '2':
        value = input('请输入学员姓名:')
        key = 'name'
    elif x == '3':
        value = input('请输入学员的id:')
        key = 's_id'
    else:
        return
    students = filter(lambda s: s.get(key, '') == value, students)
    if not students:
        print('未找到学员')
        return
    for student in students:
        print('学号:{s_id}, 姓名:{name},性别:{gender},年龄:{age}, ☎:{tel}'.format(**student))


def modify_student():
    """修改学生信息"""
    pass


def delete_student():
    """删除学生"""
    y = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    all_students = y.get('all_student', [])
    if not all_students:
        print('该老师还没有学员，请添加学员')
        return

    num = input('1.按姓名删除\n2.按学号删除\n其他:返回\n请选择:')
    if num == '1':
        key = 'name'
        value = input('请输入要删除的学生名字:')

    elif num == '2':
        key = 's_id'
        value = input('请输入要删除的学生id:')
    else:
        return

    students = list(filter(lambda s: s.get(key, '') == value, all_students))
    if not students:
        print('没有找到对应的学生')
        return
    for i, student in enumerate(students):
        print('{x} 学号:{s_id}, 姓名:{name},性别:{gender},年龄:{age}, ☎:{tel}'.format(x=i, **student))

    n = input('请输入要删除的学生的标号(0~{}),q-返回:'.format(len(students) - 1))
    if not n.isdigit() or not 0 <= int(n) <= len(students) - 1:
        print('输入的内容不合法')
        return
    # 将学生从all_students里删除
    all_students.remove(students[int(n)])
    y['all_student'] = all_students
    file_manager.write_json(teacher_name + '.json', y)


def show_manager():
    # 显示学生管理页面
    content = file_manager.read_file('students_page.txt').format(teacher_name)
    while 1:
        print(content)
        operator = input('请选择(1~5):')
        if operator == '1':
            add_student()
        elif operator == '2':
            show_student()
        elif operator == '3':
            modify_student()
        elif operator == '4':
            delete_student()
        elif operator == '5':
            break
        else:
            print('输入有误！')

8. 修改学生功能实现

思路：

• 读取文件。
• 按姓名修改。
• 按学号修改。

注意：每个学生信息前面有标号，按照标号修改，就可以不用担心重名了修改哪个学生的问题。

student_manager.py

import file_manager
import model

teacher_name = ''


def add_student():
    """添加学生"""
    x = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    if not x:
        students = []
        num = 0
    else:
        students = x['all_student']
        num = int(x['num'])
    while 1:

        s_name = input('请输入学生姓名:')
        s_age = input('请输入学生年龄:')
        s_gender = input('请输入学生性别:')
        s_tel = input('请输入学生电话:')

        num += 1
        # zifll()方法，在字符串的前面补0
        s_id = 'stu' + str(num).zfill(4)
        # 创建一个Student对象
        s = model.Student(s_id, s_name, s_age, s_gender, s_tel)
        students.append(s.__dict__)
        data = {'all_student': students, 'num': len(students)}

        # 把数据写入文件中
        file_manager.write_json(teacher_name + '.json', data)
        choice = input('添加成功！\n1.继续\n2.返回\n请选择(1~2):')
        if choice == '2':
            break


def show_student():
    """查找学生"""
    key = value = ''
    x = input('1.查找所有学生\n2.根据姓名查找\n3.根据学号查找\n其他:返回\n请选择:')
    y = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    students = y.get('all_student', [])
    if not students:
        print('该老师还没有学员，请添加学员')
        return
    if x == '1':
        pass
    elif x == '2':
        value = input('请输入学员姓名:')
        key = 'name'
    elif x == '3':
        value = input('请输入学员的id:')
        key = 's_id'
    else:
        return
    students = filter(lambda s: s.get(key, '') == value, students)
    if not students:
        print('未找到学员')
        return
    for student in students:
        print('学号:{s_id}, 姓名:{name},性别:{gender},年龄:{age}, ☎:{tel}'.format(**student))


def modify_student():
    """修改学生信息"""
    y = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    all_students = y.get('all_student', [])
    if not all_students:
        print('该老师还没有学员，请添加学员')
        return

    num = input('1.按姓名修改\n2.按学号修改\n其他:返回\n请选择:')
    if num == '1':
        key = 'name'
        value = input('请输入要修改的学生名字:')

    elif num == '2':
        key = 's_id'
        value = input('请输入要修改的学生id:')
    else:
        return
    students = list(filter(lambda s: s.get(key, '') == value, all_students))
    if not students:
        print('没有找到对应的学生')
        return
    for i, student in enumerate(students):
        print('{x} 学号:{s_id}, 姓名:{name},性别:{gender},年龄:{age}, ☎:{tel}'.format(x=i, **student))

    n = input('请输入要修改的学生的标号(0~{}),q-返回:'.format(len(students) - 1))
    if not n.isdigit() or not 0 <= int(n) <= len(students) - 1:
        print('输入的内容不合法')
        return

    index = all_students.index(students[int(n)])
    students[int(n)]['name'] = input('请输入新的姓名:')
    students[int(n)]['gender'] = input('请输入新的性别:')
    students[int(n)]['age'] = input('请输入新的年龄:')
    students[int(n)]['tel'] = input('请输入新的电话:')
    all_students[index] = students[int(n)]

    y['all_student'] = all_students
    file_manager.write_json(teacher_name + '.json', y)


def delete_student():
    """删除学生"""
    y = file_manager.read_json(teacher_name + '.json')
    all_students = y.get('all_student', [])
    if not all_students:
        print('该老师还没有学员，请添加学员')
        return

    num = input('1.按姓名删除\n2.按学号删除\n其他:返回\n请选择:')
    if num == '1':
        key = 'name'
        value = input('请输入要删除的学生名字:')

    elif num == '2':
        key = 's_id'
        value = input('请输入要删除的学生id:')
    else:
        return

    students = list(filter(lambda s: s.get(key, '') == value, all_students))
    if not students:
        print('没有找到对应的学生')
        return
    for i, student in enumerate(students):
        print('{x} 学号:{s_id}, 姓名:{name},性别:{gender},年龄:{age}, ☎:{tel}'.format(x=i, **student))

    n = input('请输入要删除的学生的标号(0~{}),q-返回:'.format(len(students) - 1))
    if not n.isdigit() or not 0 <= int(n) <= len(students) - 1:
        print('输入的内容不合法')
        return
    # 将学生从all_students里删除
    all_students.remove(students[int(n)])
    y['all_student'] = all_students
    file_manager.write_json(teacher_name + '.json', y)


def show_manager():
    # 显示学生管理页面
    content = file_manager.read_file('students_page.txt').format(teacher_name)
    while 1:
        print(content)
        operator = input('请选择(1~5):')
        if operator == '1':
            add_student()
        elif operator == '2':
            show_student()
        elif operator == '3':
            modify_student()
        elif operator == '4':
            delete_student()
        elif operator == '5':
            break
        else:
            print('输入有误！')