Introduction
If you have been a Windows and/or a macOS user to date, you are probably used to searching for a program on the internet (often offered in an executable installer) and having to download and install it. You’re probably familiar with software distributed on CDs, DVDs, etc. which often have an autorun feature from where you can then install them. For free and open systems like Ubuntu GNU/Linux there is some software distributed in this fashion, but those are mostly proprietary and closed programs.
如果您迄今为止是Windows和/或macOS用户，则可能习惯于在Internet上搜索程序（通常在可执行安装程序中提供），然后必须下载并安装它。 您可能熟悉CD，DVD等上分发的软件，这些软件通常具有自动运行功能，可从那里安装它们。 对于像Ubuntu GNU / Linux这样的免费和开放系统，有一些软件以这种方式分发，但是这些软件大多是专有和封闭程序。
On systems like Ubuntu, most software is packaged in nice .deb (or .rpm, like in Red Hat) files which contain the programs and libraries you need. These files can be downloaded or come in CDs (Ubuntu’s CD is full of them). Repositories are servers which contain sets of packages. You generally access them with tools like Synaptic.
在像Ubuntu这样的系统上，大多数软件都打包在不错的.deb（或Red Hat中的.rpm）文件中，该文件包含您需要的程序和库。 可以下载这些文件或将其放入CD中（Ubuntu的CD中已装满）。 存储库是包含软件包集的服务器。 通常，您可以使用Synaptic之类的工具来访问它们。
These tools can list all the packages you have installed (from your kernel to your favorite application with all the libraries in between) and the packages that are available in the repositories that you have configured the tool to have access to. They also let you search for simple things like “image editor”.
这些工具可以列出您已安装的所有软件包（从内核到最喜欢的应用程序，以及介于两者之间的所有库）以及已配置该工具可访问的存储库中的可用软件包。 它们还使您可以搜索诸如“图像编辑器”之类的简单内容。
These tools provide a simple, centralized method of software installation and give the distributors (who set up the repositories) a centralized way to send you updates(1) to your software.
这些工具提供了一种简单，集中的软件安装方法，并为分发者（设置存储库）提供了一种集中式的方式来向您发送更新（1）到软件。
In Ubuntu you generally want to have at least Ubuntu’s repositories (which may include the install CD) but it is not uncommon to have other repositories (from other packagers) set up.
在Ubuntu中，您通常通常希望至少拥有Ubuntu的存储库（其中可能包括安装CD），但是设置其他存储库（来自其他打包程序）的情况并不少见。
It’s important to know that most of the tools you’ll want to use in Ubuntu are already in Ubuntu’s repositories. You can go search the internet for packages, or even source code, for others, but these will be more difficult to install and won’t, most of the time, integrate as well with your system.
重要的是要知道，您要在Ubuntu中使用的大多数工具已经在Ubuntu的存储库中。 您可以在Internet上搜索其他软件包或源代码，但是这些软件包将更加难以安装，并且在大多数情况下不会与您的系统集成。
So now you know: no more endless searching looking for spyware-infested shareware and freeware. The vast majority of useful software available for Linux is pre-packaged for you.
因此，您现在知道了：无需再无休止地寻找间谍软件泛滥的共享软件和免费软件。可用于Linux的绝大多数有用软件已预先打包。
Components
Software in Ubuntu’s repository is divided into four categories or components - main, restricted, universe and multiverse.
Ubuntu存储库中的软件分为四个类别或组件-main，restricted，universe和multiverse。
Most people will use the Ubuntu Software Centre to install the software they want. But if you’re interested in learning more about the different categories of software we include, read on! Software is grouped according to our ability to maintain it and by how well it meets the goals of our free software philosophy. The standard Ubuntu installation is a collection of software from the main and restricted components. You can install additional software from the Ubuntu Software Centre.
大多数人会使用Ubuntu软件中心来安装所需的软件。 但是，如果您想了解有关我们包括的不同类别软件的更多信息，请继续阅读！ 根据我们维护软件的能力以及达到我们的自由软件理念目标的程度来对软件进行分组。 标准的Ubuntu安装是主要组件和受限制组件的软件集合。 您可以从Ubuntu软件中心安装其他软件。
Main
The main component contains applications that are free software, can be freely redistributed and are fully supported by the Ubuntu team. This includes the most popular and most reliable open-source applications available, many of which are included by default when you install Ubuntu. Software in main includes a hand-selected list of applications that the Ubuntu developers, community and users feel are most important, and that the Ubuntu security and distribution team are willing to support. When you install software from the main component, you are assured that the software will come with security updates and that commercial technical support is available from Canonical.
主要组件包含的应用程序是免费软件，可以免费重新分发，并由Ubuntu团队完全支持。 这包括可用的最受欢迎和最可靠的开源应用程序，当您安装Ubuntu时，默认情况下会包含许多应用程序。 主要软件包括一个手动选择的应用程序列表，这些列表是Ubuntu开发人员，社区和用户认为最重要的，并且Ubuntu安全和分发团队愿意支持。 从主要组件安装软件时，可以确保该软件将附带安全更新，并且Canonical可提供商业技术支持。
Restricted
Our commitment is to only promote free software – or software available under a free licence. However, we make exceptions for a small set of tools and drivers that make it possible to install Ubuntu and its free applications on everyday hardware. These proprietary drivers are kept in the restricted component. Please note that it may not be possible to provide complete support for this software because we are unable to fix the software ourselves - we can only forward problem reports to the actual authors. Some software from restricted will be installed on Ubuntu CDs but is clearly separated to ensure that it is easy to remove. We will only use non-open-source software when there is no other way to install Ubuntu. The Ubuntu team works with vendors to accelerate the open-sourcing of their software to ensure that as much software as possible is available under a free licence.
我们的承诺是仅推广免费软件-或获得免费许可的软件。 但是，我们为少数工具和驱动程序设置了例外，这些工具和驱动程序使得可以在日常硬件上安装Ubuntu及其免费应用程序。 这些专有驱动程序保留在受限制的组件中。 请注意，由于我们无法自行修复该软件，因此可能无法提供对该软件的完整支持-我们只能将问题报告转发给实际的作者。 某些受限制的软件将安装在Ubuntu CD上，但经过明显分开，以确保易于删除。 只有在没有其他方法可以安装Ubuntu时，我们才会使用非开源软件。 Ubuntu团队与供应商合作，加速其软件的开放式采购，以确保在免费许可证下可以提供尽可能多的软件。
Universe
The universe component is a snapshot of the free, open-source, and Linux world. It houses almost every piece of open-source software, all built from a range of public sources. Canonical does not provide a guarantee of regular security updates for software in the universe component, but will provide these where they are made available by the community. Users should understand the risk inherent in using these packages. Popular or well supported pieces of software will move from universe into main if they are backed by maintainers willing to meet the standards set by the Ubuntu team.
Universe组件是自由，开源和Linux世界的快照。 它包含几乎所有开放源代码软件，所有这些软件都是通过一系列公共资源构建的。 Canonical不保证Universe组件中软件的定期安全更新，但会在社区提供的地方提供这些更新。 用户应了解使用这些软件包所固有的风险。 如果得到愿意满足Ubuntu团队设定标准的维护人员的支持，流行的或受良好支持的软件将从Universe过渡到Main。
Multiverse
The multiverse component contains software that is not free, which means the licensing requirements of this software do not meet the Ubuntu main component licence policy. The onus is on you to verify your rights to use this software and comply with the licensing terms of the copyright holder. This software is not supported and usually cannot be fixed or updated. Use it at your own risk.
Multiverse组件包含并非免费的软件，这意味着该软件的许可要求不符合Ubuntu主组件许可政策。 您有责任验证您使用此软件的权利并遵守版权持有者的许可条款。 该软件不受支持，通常无法修复或更新。 需要您自担风险使用它。
A Quick, Tongue-in-cheek Description of the Ubuntu Repositories
- $release: Don’t touch it, I like consistency, even with my bugs.
不要碰它，我喜欢一致性，即使是我的错误。
- $release-security: I’ll accept patches to existing versions (and very rare version upgrades if absolutely necessary) in the process of keeping my system secure.
在确保系统安全的过程中，我将接受现有版本的补丁程序（如果绝对必要，还可以进行非常罕见的版本升级）。
- $release-updates: Okay, some bugs are worth fixing, and I trust you this much (holds up two fingers like Maxwell Smart).
好的，有些错误值得修复，我非常信任您（像Maxwell Smart一样举起两个手指）。
- $release-backports: I have something akin to technology ADHD, needing the latest of everything I can possibly get, but I can’t handle running the development branch.
我有一些类似于ADHD的技术，需要我所能获得的所有最新信息，但我无法处理开发分支。
- $devel: I can take it. Seriously. If you break my X, I shall become more powerful than you could possibly imagine. I’ll file and maybe even fix the bugs and I’ll do it even if power management is not so much ‘managed’ as vomited all over the wall. Come get some.
- 我可以接受 说真的 如果您破坏了我的X，我将变得比您想象的更强大。 我会归档甚至修复错误，即使电源管理没有像在墙上那样被“管理”那么多，我也会去解决。 来拿些吧。
- Debian: We do the work so you don’t have to.
我们会做您不需要的工作。
Source: Jeff Waugh, “Understanding the Ubuntu Package Repositories” (modestly edited, as recommended by Waugh)
来源：Jeff Waugh，“了解Ubuntu软件包存储库”（根据Waug的建议进行了适当编辑）
Managing Repositories
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Managing Repositories in Ubuntu
This page explains how to manage repositories in Ubuntu using a graphical user interface. -
Managing Repositories in Kubuntu
This page shows you how to manage repositories in Kubuntu -
Managing Repositories from the Command Line
If you prefer to use the command line, this page has the details -
Managing Personal or Local Repositories
If there are packages you want to load outside of the supported repositories, this page explains a way to ease package dependency issues.
References
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories
