统计推断(九) Graphical models

1. Undirected graphical models(Markov random fields)

  • 节点表示随机变量,边表示与节点相关的势函数
    p x ( x ) φ 12 ( x 1 , x 2 ) φ 13 ( x 1 , x 3 ) φ 25 ( x 2 , x 5 ) φ 345 ( x 3 , x 4 , x 5 ) p_{\mathbf{x}}(\mathbf{x}) \propto \varphi_{12}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}\right) \varphi_{13}\left(x_{1}, x_{3}\right) \varphi_{25}\left(x_{2}, x_{5}\right) \varphi_{345}\left(x_{3}, x_{4}, x_{5}\right)
    undirected_graph

  • clique:全连接的节点集合

  • maximal clique:不是其他 clique 的真子集

**Theorem (Hammersley-Clifford) **: A strictly positive distribution p x ( x ) > 0 p_{\mathsf{x}}(\mathbf{x})>0 satisfies the graph separation property of undirected graphical models if and only if it can be represented in the factorized form
p x ( x ) A C ψ x A ( x A ) p_{\mathsf{x}}(\mathbf{x}) \propto \prod_{\mathcal{A} \in \mathcal{C}} \psi_{\mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}}}\left(\mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}}\right)

  • conditional independence x A 1 x A 2 x A 3 \mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}_{1}} \perp \mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}_{2}} | \mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}_{3}}

2. Directed graphical models(Bayesian network)

  • 节点表示随机变量,有向边表示条件关系
    p x 1 , , x n = p x 1 ( x 1 ) p x 2 × 1 ( x 2 x 1 ) p x n x 1 , , x n 1 ( x n x 1 , , x n 1 ) p_{\mathrm{x}_{1}, \ldots, \mathrm{x}_{n}}=p_{\mathrm{x}_{1}}\left(x_{1}\right) p_{\mathrm{x}_{2} | \times_{1}}\left(x_{2} | x_{1}\right) \cdots p_{\mathrm{x}_{n} | x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n-1}}\left(x_{n} | x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n-1}\right)
    directed_graph

  • Directed acyclic graphs (DAG)

  • Fully-connected DAG

  • conditional independence x A 1 x A 2 x A 3 \mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}_{1}} \perp \mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}_{2}} | \mathbf{x}_{\mathcal{A}_{3}}

    conditional_independence

  • Bayes ball algorithm

    • primary shade: A 3 \mathcal{A_3} 中的节点
    • secondary shade: primary shade 的节点,以及 secondary shade 的父节点

    [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-8UKlSiFL-1580777349196)(C:\Users\1\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1574319393095.png)]

3. Factor graph

  • 有 variable nodes 和 factor nodes,是 bipartitie graph
    p x ( x ) j f j ( x f j ) p_{\mathbf{x}}(\mathbf{x}) \propto \prod_{j} f_{j}\left(\mathbf{x}_{f_{j}}\right)
    factor_graph

  • 因子图比 directed graph 和 undirected graph 的表示能力更强,比如 p ( x ) = 1 Z ϕ 12 ( x 1 , x 2 ) ϕ 13 ( x 1 , x 3 ) ϕ 23 ( x 2 , x 3 ) p(x)=\frac{1}{Z}\phi_{12}(x_1,x_2)\phi_{13}(x_1,x_3)\phi_{23}(x_2,x_3)

  • 因子图可以与 DAG 相互转化(根据 x 1 , . . . , x n x_1,...,x_n 依次根据 conditional independence 决定父节点),DAG又可以转化为 undirected graph

4. Measuring goodness of graphical representations

  • 给定分布 D 和图 G,他们之间没必要有联系
  • C I ( D ) CI(D) :the set of conditional independencies satisfied by D D
  • C I ( G ) CI(G) : the set of all conditional independencies implied by G G
  • I-map C I ( G ) C I ( D ) C I(\mathcal{G}) \subset C I(D)
  • D-map: : C I ( G ) C I ( D ) C I(\mathcal{G}) \supset C I(D)
  • P-map C I ( G ) = C I ( D ) C I(\mathcal{G}) = C I(D)
  • minimal I-map: Aminimal I-mapisanI-mapwiththepropertythatremovinganysingle edge would cause the graph to no longer be an I-map.
    Remarks: G 中去掉一个边会使该 map 中有更多的 conditional independence,也即 C I ( G ) CI(G) 更大,更不易满足 I-map条件。I-map 可以表示分布 D,但是 D-map 不能

其他内容请看:
统计推断(一) Hypothesis Test
统计推断(二) Estimation Problem
统计推断(三) Exponential Family
统计推断(四) Information Geometry
统计推断(五) EM algorithm
统计推断(六) Modeling
统计推断(七) Typical Sequence
统计推断(八) Model Selection
统计推断(九) Graphical models
统计推断(十) Elimination algorithm
统计推断(十一) Sum-product algorithm

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