前言
JSON 是目前最为流行的序列化手段，Go语言对于这些标准格式的编码和解码都有良好的支持，在Go语言中，encoding/json标准包处理json数据的序列化与反序列化问题。下面主要讲解序列化。
什么是序列化
序列化是将对象的状态信息转换为可以存储或传输的形式的过程。在序列化期间，对象将其当前状态写入到临时或持久性存储区。通过从存储区中读取对象的状态，重新创建该对象，则为反序列化。
各种类型的值
JSON是对JavaScript中各种类型的值——字符串、数字、布尔值和对象——Unicode本文编码。它可以用有效可读的方式表示基础数据类型和数组、slice、结构体和map等聚合数据类型。对于json的数据类型，go也会有对象的结构所匹配。大致对应关系如下：
在解析 json 格式数据时，若以 interface{} 接收数据，需要按照以上规则进行解析。
序列化 Marshal()
序列化源码放在：
json.Marshal()
// Marshal returns the JSON encoding of v.
//
// Marshal traverses the value v recursively.
// If an encountered value implements the Marshaler interface
// and is not a nil pointer, Marshal calls its MarshalJSON method
// to produce JSON. If no MarshalJSON method is present but the
// value implements encoding.TextMarshaler instead, Marshal calls
// its MarshalText method and encodes the result as a JSON string.
// The nil pointer exception is not strictly necessary
// but mimics a similar, necessary exception in the behavior of
// UnmarshalJSON.
//
// Otherwise, Marshal uses the following type-dependent default encodings:
//
// Boolean values encode as JSON booleans.
//
// Floating point, integer, and Number values encode as JSON numbers.
//
// String values encode as JSON strings coerced to valid UTF-8,
// replacing invalid bytes with the Unicode replacement rune.
// So that the JSON will be safe to embed inside HTML <script> tags,
// the string is encoded using HTMLEscape,
// which replaces "<", ">", "&", U+2028, and U+2029 are escaped
// to "\u003c","\u003e", "\u0026", "\u2028", and "\u2029".
// This replacement can be disabled when using an Encoder,
// by calling SetEscapeHTML(false).
//
// Array and slice values encode as JSON arrays, except that
// []byte encodes as a base64-encoded string, and a nil slice
// encodes as the null JSON value.
//
// Struct values encode as JSON objects.
// Each exported struct field becomes a member of the object, using the
// field name as the object key, unless the field is omitted for one of the
// reasons given below.
//
// The encoding of each struct field can be customized by the format string
// stored under the "json" key in the struct field's tag.
// The format string gives the name of the field, possibly followed by a
// comma-separated list of options. The name may be empty in order to
// specify options without overriding the default field name.
//
// The "omitempty" option specifies that the field should be omitted
// from the encoding if the field has an empty value, defined as
// false, 0, a nil pointer, a nil interface value, and any empty array,
// slice, map, or string.
//
// As a special case, if the field tag is "-", the field is always omitted.
// Note that a field with name "-" can still be generated using the tag "-,".
//
// Examples of struct field tags and their meanings:
//
// // Field appears in JSON as key "myName".
// Field int `json:"myName"`
//
// // Field appears in JSON as key "myName" and
// // the field is omitted from the object if its value is empty,
// // as defined above.
// Field int `json:"myName,omitempty"`
//
// // Field appears in JSON as key "Field" (the default), but
// // the field is skipped if empty.
// // Note the leading comma.
// Field int `json:",omitempty"`
//
// // Field is ignored by this package.
// Field int `json:"-"`
//
// // Field appears in JSON as key "-".
// Field int `json:"-,"`
//
// The "string" option signals that a field is stored as JSON inside a
// JSON-encoded string. It applies only to fields of string, floating point,
// integer, or boolean types. This extra level of encoding is sometimes used
// when communicating with JavaScript programs:
//
// Int64String int64 `json:",string"`
//
// The key name will be used if it's a non-empty string consisting of
// only Unicode letters, digits, and ASCII punctuation except quotation
// marks, backslash, and comma.
//
// Anonymous struct fields are usually marshaled as if their inner exported fields
// were fields in the outer struct, subject to the usual Go visibility rules amended
// as described in the next paragraph.
// An anonymous struct field with a name given in its JSON tag is treated as
// having that name, rather than being anonymous.
// An anonymous struct field of interface type is treated the same as having
// that type as its name, rather than being anonymous.
//
// The Go visibility rules for struct fields are amended for JSON when
// deciding which field to marshal or unmarshal. If there are
// multiple fields at the same level, and that level is the least
// nested (and would therefore be the nesting level selected by the
// usual Go rules), the following extra rules apply:
//
// 1) Of those fields, if any are JSON-tagged, only tagged fields are considered,
// even if there are multiple untagged fields that would otherwise conflict.
//
// 2) If there is exactly one field (tagged or not according to the first rule), that is selected.
//
// 3) Otherwise there are multiple fields, and all are ignored; no error occurs.
//
// Handling of anonymous struct fields is new in Go 1.1.
// Prior to Go 1.1, anonymous struct fields were ignored. To force ignoring of
// an anonymous struct field in both current and earlier versions, give the field
// a JSON tag of "-".
//
// Map values encode as JSON objects. The map's key type must either be a
// string, an integer type, or implement encoding.TextMarshaler. The map keys
// are sorted and used as JSON object keys by applying the following rules,
// subject to the UTF-8 coercion described for string values above:
// - keys of any string type are used directly
// - encoding.TextMarshalers are marshaled
// - integer keys are converted to strings
//
// Pointer values encode as the value pointed to.
// A nil pointer encodes as the null JSON value.
//
// Interface values encode as the value contained in the interface.
// A nil interface value encodes as the null JSON value.
//
// Channel, complex, and function values cannot be encoded in JSON.
// Attempting to encode such a value causes Marshal to return
// an UnsupportedTypeError.
//
// JSON cannot represent cyclic data structures and Marshal does not
// handle them. Passing cyclic structures to Marshal will result in
// an infinite recursion.
//
func Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
e := newEncodeState()
err := e.marshal(v, encOpts{escapeHTML: true})
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
buf := append([]byte(nil), e.Bytes()...)
e.Reset()
encodeStatePool.Put(e)
return buf, nil
}
从上面的Marshal()函数我们可以看到，数据结构序列化后返回的是字节数组，而字节数组很容易通过网络传输或写入文件存储。而且在Go中，Marshal()默认是设置escapeHTML = true的，会自动把 ‘<’, ‘>’, 以及 ‘&’ 等转化为"\u003c" ， "\u003e"以及 “\u0026”。
结构体序列化
golang提供了encoding/json的标准库用于编码json。大致需要两步：
1、首先定义json结构体。
2、使用 Marshal方法序列化。
说了这么多，现在就来写一个结构体序列化程序：
package main
import (
"fmt"
"encoding/json"
)
//定义一个结构体
type Monster struct{
Name string
Age int
Birthday string
Sal float64
Skill string
}
//结构体序列化
func main(){
monster := Monster{
Name : "minger",
Age : 23,
Birthday : "1997-11-13",
Sal : 2000.0,
Skill : "Linux C/C++ Go",
}
data, err := json.Marshal(&monster)
if err != nil{
fmt.Printf("序列号错误 err = %v\n",err)
}
fmt.Printf("monster 序列化后= %v\n",string(data))
}
输出结果：
如果想验证JSON格式对不对，可以把输出结果放到JSCON验证是否正确。
注意：定义结构体的时候，只有字段名是大写的，才会被编码到json当中。
切片序列化
slice切片，map图则是复合结构。这些结构编码也类似。不过map的key必须是字串，而value必须是同一类型的数据。下面来看看切片序列化程序：
package main
import (
"fmt"
"encoding/json"
)
func main(){
var slice []map[string]interface{}
var m1 map[string]interface{}
//使用map前，需要先make
m1 = make(map[string]interface{})
m1["name"] = "minger"
m1["age"] = 23
m1["address"] = "中国"
slice = append(slice,m1) //追加信息
var m2 map[string]interface{}
//使用map前，需要先make
m2 = make(map[string]interface{})
m2["name"] = "chen"
m2["age"] = 23
m2["address"] = "海南"
slice = append(slice,m2) //追加信息
data ,err := json.Marshal(slice)
if err != nil{
fmt.Printf("序列化错误 err = %v\n",err)
}
//输出序列化后的结果
fmt.Printf("slice 序列化后 = %v\n",string(data))
}
输出结果：
json格式：
[
{
"address":"中国",
"age":23,
"name":"minger"
},
{
"address":"海南",
"age":23,
"name":"chen"
}
]
map序列化
package main
import (
"fmt"
"encoding/json"
)
//将map进行序列化
func main(){
//定义一个map
var a map[string]interface{}
//使用map,需要make
a = make(map[string]interface{})
a["name"] = "minger"
a["age"] = 23
a["address"] = "china"
//将a这个map进行序列化
//将monster 序列化
data ,err := json.Marshal(a)
if err != nil{
fmt.Printf("序列化错误 err = %v\n",err)
}
//输出序列化后的结果
fmt.Printf("map 序列化后 = %v\n",string(data))
}
输出结果：
json格式
{
"address":"china",
"age":23,
"name":"minger"
}
总结
上面所介绍的大致覆盖了golang的json编码处理序列化。总体原则分两步，首先定义需要编码的结构，然后调用encoding/json标准库的Marshal方法生成json byte数组，需要转换成string类型即可。还有基本数据类型 序列化，没有什么意义。
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