spring自动加载,使用实现类无法加载,使用接口却可以的原因

http://www.iteye.com/topic/1131444
Case
请看下面的IOC实例:
1)AaaService实现AaaaInterface接口
2)在BaaService中Autowired AaaService

Code

//1.AaaInterface  
package com.test;  
public interface AaaInterface {  
    void method1();  
}  

//2.AaaService  
package com.test;  
public class AaaService implements AaaInterface {  

    @Override  
    public void method1() {  
        System.out.println("hello");  
    }  

    public void method2() {  
        System.out.println("hello");  
    }  
}  

//3.BbbService  
package com.test;  

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;  
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;  
public class BbbService {  

    @Autowired  
    private AaaService aaaService;  

    public void method2(){  
        System.out.println("hello method2");  
    }  
}  

Spring XML配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>  
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"  
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"  
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"  
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"  
       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"  
       xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"  
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.2.xsd  
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.2.xsd  
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.2.xsd  
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd">  

    <context:property-placeholder location="classpath*:conf.properties"/>  
    <!--扫描除Controller外的Bean,Controller在MVC层配置-->  
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.test"/>  

    <!--数据源-->  
    <bean id="dataSource"  
          class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.SingleConnectionDataSource"  
          p:driverClassName="${jdbc.driverClassName}"  
          p:url="${jdbc.url}"  
          p:username="${jdbc.username}"  
          p:password="${jdbc.password}"/>  

    <bean id="txManager"  
          class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager"  
          p:dataSource-ref="dataSource"/>  

    <!-- 通过AOP配置的事务管理增强 -->  
    <aop:config >  
        <aop:pointcut id="serviceMethod"  
                      expression="execution(public * com.test..*Service.*(..))"/>  
        <aop:advisor pointcut-ref="serviceMethod" advice-ref="txAdvice"/>  
    </aop:config>  

    <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="txManager">  
        <tx:attributes>  
            <tx:method name="*"/>  
        </tx:attributes>  
    </tx:advice>  
    <!-- //////////////////////////////////////////////// -->  
</beans>  

启动Spring容器

package com.test;  

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;  
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;  

public class MainStarter {  
    public static void main(String[] args) {  
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");  
        BbbService bbbService = applicationContext.getBean("bbbService", BbbService.class);  
    }  
}  

结果报了以下这堆异常:

2013-7-25 13:54:08 org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry destroySingletons  
信息: Destroying singletons in org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory@687bc899: defining beans [org.springframework.context.support.PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer#0,aaaService,bbbService,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalConfigurationAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalAutowiredAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalRequiredAnnotationProcessor,org.springframework.context.annotation.internalCommonAnnotationProcessor,dataSource,txManager,org.springframework.aop.config.internalAutoProxyCreator,serviceMethod,org.springframework.aop.support.DefaultBeanFactoryPointcutAdvisor#0,txAdvice,org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.importAwareProcessor]; root of factory hierarchy  
//重要的信息在这儿!!  
Exception in thread "main" org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'bbbService': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.test.AaaService com.test.BbbService.aaaService; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [com.test.AaaService] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}  
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:288)  
    at   
    ... 50 more  

上面的异常告诉我们,BbbService Bean创建不了,因为无法Autowired其aaaService的成员变量,说在Spring容器中不存在这个AaaService的Bean.

分析

以上是Spring IoC中一个经典的错误,其原因是Spring对Bean的动态代理引起的:

1)由于在applicationContext.xml中,通过<aop>对所有Service进行事务增强,因此Spring容器会对所有所有XxxService的Bean进行动态代理;

2)默认情况下,Spring使用基于接口的代理,也即:
a)如果Bean类有实现接口,那么Spring自动使用基于接口的代理创建该Bean的代理实例;
b)如果Bean类没有实现接口,那么则使用基于子类扩展的动态代理(即CGLib代理);

3)由于我们的AaaService实现了AaaInterface,所以Spring在生成AaaService类的动态代理Bean时,采用了
基于接口的动态代理,该动态代理实例只实现AaaInterface,且该实例不能强制转换成AaaService。换句话说,AaaService生成的Bean不能赋给AaaService的实例,而只能赋给AaaInterface的实例。

4)因此,当BbbService希望注入AaaService的成员时,Spring找不到对应的Bean了(因为只有AaaInterface的Bean).

解决

方法1

既然AaaService Bean是被Spring动态代理后改变成了类型,那如果取消引起动态代理的配置,使Spring不会对AaaService动态代理,那么AaaService的Bean类型就是原始的AaaService了:

<beans>  
...  
    <!-- 把以下的配置注释掉 -->  
 <!--    <aop:config >  
        <aop:pointcut id="serviceMethod"  
                      expression="execution(public * com.test..*Service.*(..))"/>  
        <aop:advisor pointcut-ref="serviceMethod" advice-ref="txAdvice"/>  
    </aop:config>  

    <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="txManager">  
        <tx:attributes>  
            <tx:method name="*"/>  
        </tx:attributes>  
    </tx:advice>-->  
    <!-- //////////////////////////////////////////////// -->  
</beans>  

引起Spring对AaaService进行动态代理的<aop>配置注释后,重新启动容器,即可正常启动了。

但是这里AaaService的方法就不会被事务增强了,这将违背了我们的初衷,因此这种解决方法仅是为了让大家了解到引起IOC问题的根源所在,并没有真正解决问题。

方法2

将BbbService的AaaService成员改成AaaInterface:

@Service("bbbService")  
public class BbbService {  

    @Autowired  
    private AaaInterface aaaService;//注意这儿,成员类型从AaaService更改为AaaInterface  

    public void method2(){  
        System.out.println("hello method2");  
    }  
}  

既然AaaService Bean被植入事务增强动态代理后就变成了AaaInterface的实例,那么干脆我们更改BbbService的成员属性类型,也是可以解决问题的。

但是这样的话,只能调用接口中拥有的方法 ,在AaaService中定义的方法(如method2())就调用不到了,因为这个代理后的Bean不能被强制转换成AaaService。

因此,就引出了我们的终极解决办法,请看方法3:

方法3

刚才我们说“Spring在默认情况下,对实现接口的Bean采用基于接口的代理”,我们可否改变Spring这一“默认的行为”呢?答案是肯定的,那就是通过proxy-target-class=”true”这个属性,Spring植入增强时,将不管Bean有没有实现接口,统统采用基于扩展子类的方式进行动态代理,也即生成的动态代理是AaaService的子类,那当然就可以赋给AaaService有实例了:

<!-- 注意这儿的proxy-target-class="true" -->  
<aop:config proxy-target-class="true">  
    <aop:pointcut id="serviceMethod"  
                  expression="execution(public * com.test..*Service.*(..))"/>  
    <aop:advisor pointcut-ref="serviceMethod" advice-ref="txAdvice"/>  
</aop:config>  

<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="txManager">  
    <tx:attributes>  
        <tx:method name="*"/>  
    </tx:attributes>  
</tx:advice>  

注意,你需要将CGLib包放到类路径下,因为Spring用它来动态生成代理!以下是我这个小例子的Maven:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>  
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"  
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"  
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">  
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>  

    <groupId>onlyTest</groupId>  
    <artifactId>onlyTest</artifactId>  
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>  

    <properties>  
       <spring.version>3.2.3.RELEASE</spring.version>  
        <mysql.version>5.1.25</mysql.version>  
    </properties>  

    <dependencies>  

        <dependency>  
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>  
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>  
            <version>${spring.version}</version>  
        </dependency>  

        <dependency>  
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>  
            <artifactId>spring-context-support</artifactId>  
            <version>${spring.version}</version>  
        </dependency>  

        <dependency>  
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>  
            <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>  
            <version>${spring.version}</version>  
        </dependency>  

        <dependency>  
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>  
            <artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>  
            <version>${spring.version}</version>  
        </dependency>  

        <dependency>  
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>  
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>  
            <version>${mysql.version}</version>  
        </dependency>  

        <dependency>  
            <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>  
            <artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>  
            <version>1.6.10</version>  
        </dependency>  

    </dependencies>  

</project>  
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