OCA/OCP Oracle 数据库12c考试指南读书笔记：第32章：Creating and Managing Multitenant Container and PDB

其他 2020-01-12 10:33:37 阅读次数: 0

创建容器数据库

最方便方法是DBCA。
在创建时必须设定实例参数ENABLE_PLUGGABLE_DATABASE=TRUE

使用DBCA创建CDB

当然DBCA也可以创建non-CDB。
GUI不说了，下面是命令行示例，参见这里：

## CDB with 1 PDB
$ dbca -silent -createDatabase \
 -templateName General_Purpose.dbc \
 -gdbname ORCLCDB1 -sid ORCLCDB1 -responseFile NO_VALUE \
 -characterSet AL32UTF8 \
 -sysPassword Welcome1 \
 -systemPassword Welcome1\
 -createAsContainerDatabase true \
 -numberOfPDBs 1 \
 -pdbName orclpdb \
 -pdbAdminPassword Welcome1 \
 -databaseType MULTIPURPOSE \
 -automaticMemoryManagement false \
 -totalMemory 1536 \
 -storageType FS \
 -datafileDestination "/opt/oracle/oradata" \
 -redoLogFileSize 50 \
 -emConfiguration NONE \
 -ignorePreReqs

## non-CDB
$ dbca -silent -createDatabase \
 -templateName General_Purpose.dbc \
 -gdbname ORCLCDB1 -sid ORCLCDB1 -responseFile NO_VALUE \
 -characterSet AL32UTF8 \
 -sysPassword Welcome1 \
 -systemPassword Welcome1\
 -createAsContainerDatabase false \
 -databaseType MULTIPURPOSE \
 -automaticMemoryManagement false \
 -totalMemory 1536 \
 -storageType FS \
 -datafileDestination "/opt/oracle/oradata" \
 -redoLogFileSize 50 \
 -emConfiguration NONE \
 -ignorePreReqs

此命令在我笔记本上耗时20m2.815s, non-CDB耗时10m17.134s

删除使用以下，删除时数据库必须打开：

dbca -silent -deleteDatabase -sourceDB ORCLCDB1 -sysDBAUserName sys -sysDBAPassword Welcome1

dbca的帮助：

$ dbca -createDatabase -h

使用SQL*Plus创建CDB

CDB与non-CDB内存与物理结构均不同。设置实例参数ENABLE_PLUGGABLE_DATABASE为TRUE设置了内存结构，CREATE DATABASE命令中包括ENABLE PLUGGABLE DATABASE 设置了物理结构。
DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST可指定数据文件的位置。PDB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT可设定文件名转换规则。
示例：

# $ORACLE_HOME/dbs下创建参数文件initORCLCDB2.ora
control_files='/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2/control.ctl'
db_name=ORCLCDB2
memory_target=1g
enable_pluggable_database=true

$ export ORACLE_SID=ORCLCDB2
$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> create spfile from pfile;
SQL> startup nomount

$ mkdir /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2
$ mkdir /opt/oracle/oradata/seed

# 下面这个命令执行很快结束
SQL>
create database ORCLCDB2
 logfile
 group 1 ('/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2/redo1a.log') size 50m,
 group 2 ('/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2/redo2a.log') size 50m
 datafile '/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2/system01.dbf' size 500m
 sysaux datafile '/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2/sysaux01.dbf' size 500m
 default temporary tablespace temp
 tempfile '/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2/temp01.dbf' size 100m
 undo tablespace undotbs datafile '/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB2/undotbs01.dbf' size 100m
 enable pluggable database
 seed file_name_convert = ('ORCLCDB2', 'seed');

# 创建数据字典和PL/SQL Package，执行时间较长, 3m41.736s和45m38.082s
$ $ORACLE_HOME/perl/bin/perl $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catcon.pl -b catalog $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql
$ $ORACLE_HOME/perl/bin/perl $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catcon.pl -b catproc $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql

# 验证 
select name, cdb from v$database;
select name, con_id, open_mode from v$containers;
select con_id, name from v$datafile;
select con_id, name from v$tempfile;
select * from v$controlfile;
select con_id, member from v$logfile;
select sys_context('userenv', 'con_name') from dual;
show con_name;

## 删除
shutdown immediate;
startup mount exclusive restrict;
drop database;

创建PDB

有4中方法。

使用PDB$SEED创建新PDB

主要需考虑数据文件路径，可以使用OMF或指定PDB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT。

alter system set db_create_file_dest='/opt/oracle/oradata';
create pluggable database orclpdb2 admin user pdbadmin identified by Welcome1;
select con_id, name, open_mode from v$pdbs; -- open_mode=mounted
select con_id, name, open_mode from v$containers;
select con_id, pdb_id, pdb_name, status from cdb_pdbs; -- status=new
select con_id, file_name from cdb_data_files;
select con_id, name from v$datafile;

alter pluggable database orclpdb2 open;
select con_id, name, open_mode from v$containers; -- open_mode=READ WRITE
select con_id, pdb_id, pdb_name, status from cdb_pdbs; -- status=normal

新的PDB会创建默认的服务名并在监听中注册。

$ lsnrctl status
...
Service "orclpdb1" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclpdb2" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

删除数据库：

alter pluggable database orclpdb2 close;
drop pluggable database orclpdb2 including datafiles;

克隆已有PDB以创建新PDB

alter system set db_create_file_dest='/opt/oracle/oradata';
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 close;
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 open read only;
create pluggable database orclpdb1_clone from orclpdb1 storage unlimited file_name_convert=NONE;
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 close;
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 open read write;
alter pluggable database orclpdb1_clone open read write;

将Non-CDB插入到CDB

Non-CDB必须是12c。假设non-CDB为ORCLCDB1，插入到ORCLCDB中的orclpdb2：

export ORACLE_SID=ORCLCDB1
sqlplus / as sysdba
startup mount
alter database open read only;
exec dbms_pdb.describe('/tmp/ORCL.xml');
export ORACLE_SID=ORCLCDB
sqlplus / as sysdba
create pluggable database orclpdb2 using '/tmp/ORCL.xml';
alter session set container=orclpdb2;
alter database open;
-- 删除在多租户环境中不必要的元数据，并重新编译，执行时间很长
@$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/noncdb_to_pdb.sql
alter database open;

此方法无需额外空间，仍使用之前的数据文件。

将拔出的PDB插入到CDB

是宕机时间最少的升级方法。

 create pluggable database orclpdb1 using '/tmp/orclpdb1.xml' nocopy;
 alter pluggable database orclpdb1 open read write;

拔出并删除PDB

拔出：

 alter pluggable database orclpdb1 close;
 alter pluggable database oraclpdb1 unplug into '/tmp/orclpdb1.xml';

删除：

 alter pluggable database orclpdb2 close;
 drop pluggable database orclpdb1 including datafiles;

迁移12.1版本之前的NON-CDB到CDB

指10g或11g数据库。或者升级，或者使用Data Pump。前者无需额外空间，后者更加灵活，可跨平台，可以实现文件系统到ASM转换，可保留两份环境，确认兼容后再删除老的环境，但迁移时间长。

建立到CDB和PDB的连接

可使用OS认证或easy connect或通过服务，每一个新建、克隆或插入的PDB都会建立一个服务名，或者你可以用DBMS_SERVICE包和srvctl实用程序创建服务。

理解CDB和PDB服务名

CDB中的每一个容器（除PDB$SEED）都有自己的服务名，CDB默认的服务名是CDB名字加上域名。

$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on 02-JAN-2020 20:29:46

Copyright (c) 1991, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Start Date                02-JAN-2020 20:01:41
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 28 min. 4 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /opt/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/oracle-19c-vagrant/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=0.0.0.0)(PORT=1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcps)(HOST=oracle-19c-vagrant)(PORT=5500))(Security=(my_wallet_directory=/opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/admin/ORCLCDB/xdb_wallet))(Presentation=HTTP)(Session=RAW))
Services Summary...
Service "9b23d6499799073be0530100007f6a6f" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "9b24e21f078450cde0530100007fb288" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "ORCLCDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "ORCLCDB1" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB1", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "ORCLCDB1XDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB1", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "ORCLCDBXDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclpdb1" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclpdb2" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

为CDB和PDB创建服务

如果安装并配置了GI，启用Oracle Restart或Oracle RAC：

 srvctl add service -db orclcdb -service orclpdb1_extra -pdb orclpdb1
 srvctl start service -db orclcdb -service orclpdb1_extra
 lsnrctl status

如果没有安装GI，则必须先连接到PDB：

alter session set container=orclpdb1;
 begin
	dbms_service.create_service(
		service_name => 'orclpdb1_int',
		network_name => 'orclpdb1_ext'
	);
	dbms_service.start_service(service_name => 'orclpdb1_int');
 end;
 /

查看服务：

$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on 02-JAN-2020 20:39:09

Copyright (c) 1991, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Start Date                02-JAN-2020 20:01:41
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 37 min. 27 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /opt/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/oracle-19c-vagrant/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=0.0.0.0)(PORT=1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcps)(HOST=oracle-19c-vagrant)(PORT=5500))(Security=(my_wallet_directory=/opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/admin/ORCLCDB/xdb_wallet))(Presentation=HTTP)(Session=RAW))
Services Summary...
...
Service "orclpdb1_ext" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "ORCLCDB", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
...

使用easy connect连接：

$ sqlplus sys/Welcome1@localhost:1521/orclpdb1_ext as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Thu Jan 2 20:42:26 2020
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.3.0.0.0

SQL> show con_name;

CON_NAME
------------------------------
ORCLPDB1

在CDB中切换连接

必须有SET CONTAINER权限。

alter session set container=orclpdb1;
alter session set container=cdb$root;
show con_name;

如果有未提交事务，切换连接时并不会自动提交。

启停CDB以及开闭PDB

在RAC环境下，CDB在每节点只有一个实例，PDB可以在这些实例间切换。
CDB的启停会带动其中PDB的启停。

启动CDB 实例

CDB的5状态：

  1. shutdown (shutdown immediate)
  2. nomount （实例启动，startup nomount）
  3. mount (CDB controlfile打开，cdb$root和pdb mount, alter database mount)
  4. open （cdb$root open, pdb的状态取决于save state, alter database open）
  5. pdb open （alter pluggable database orclpdb1 open）

开闭PDB

可以打开所有或部分PDB，或排除某些PDB。

使用 ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE命令

alter pluggable database all open;
alter pluggable database orclpdb2 close;
alter pluggable database orclpdb2 open read only;
alter pluggable database orclpdb2 close;
alter pluggable database orclpdb2 open read write;
alter session set container=orclpdb2;
alter pluggable database close;
alter pluggable database open read write;

选择性开闭PDB

alter pluggable database all except orclpdb1 close;
alter pluggable database all except orclpdb1 open;
alter pluggable database all close;
alter pluggable database all open;

在PDB中，也可以使用shutdown命令，等同于close。

CDB实例shutdown

shutdown immediate

PDB自动启动

保存其状态(12.1.0.2后支持)：

alter pluggable database orclpdb2 open read write;
alter pluggable database orclpdb2 save state;

老的，不建议的方法是使用触发器：

create trigger open_dev
	after startup on database
begin
	execute immediate 'alter pluggable database orclpdb1 open';
end;
/

改变PDB状态

-- 进入维护模式
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 close;
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 open restricted;
-- 退出维护模式
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 close;
alter pluggable database orclpdb1 open;

维护模式下，可修改PDB名字，修改默认表空间，将数据文件离线等。

评估参数改变的影响

通常情况下，PDB会继承CDB的参数，不过也有少数参数可在PDB一级修改。

理解参数改变的范围

V$PARAMETER中的ISPDB_MODIFIABLE决定了参数是否可在PDB一级修改。

select name from V$PARAMETER where ISPDB_MODIFIABLE='TRUE';

PDB_SPFILE$显示PDB一级参数的非默认值。

SQL> select db_uniq_name,pdb_uid, name, value$ from PDB_SPFILE$;

DB_UNIQ_NAME    PDB_UID NAME                           VALUE$
------------ ---------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------
*             991076965 sga_target                     1207959552
*             991076965 open_cursors                   300
*             991076965 nls_language                   'AMERICAN'
*             991076965 nls_territory                  'AMERICA'
*             991076965 pga_aggregate_target           402653184

多租户环境下使用ALTER SYSTEM

根据上下文，alter system可能影响整个CDB或只影响当前PDB。或有时只能在cdb$root中执行。
以下命令只影响当前PDB：

ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SHARED_POOL
ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH BUFFER_CACHE
ALTER SYSTEM ENABLE RESTRICTED SESSION
ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
ALTER SYSTEM SET <parameter>

ALTER SYSTEM CHECKPOINT可在PDB中运行，但影响整个CDB。
ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE只能在根容器中执行。

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