前言
文章主要讲解如何通过Python3来进行代理爬虫，使用模块包括urllib.request.HTTPHander()，urllib.request.build_opener(http_handler)，ProxyHandler()模块的使用。
创建时间：20191223
天象独行
首先，关于在理解urllib.request.HTTPHander()，urllib.request.build_opener(http_handler)之前，我们需要了解一下urllib.request.urlopen(url,data,timeout)方法，我们都知道urllib.request.urlopen()的作用是发出一个URL的请求。其实本质上urllib.request.urlopen()是一个特殊的opener，也可以理解为Python3语言自带的一个opener。与众不同的是这哥们不支持代理等功能。那么问题来了？如果我需要设定代理来访问就不能使用urllib.request.urlopen()。之前我们提到urllib.request.urlopen()本身就是一个特殊的opener，那么我们能不能自定义一个opener呢。答案当然是可以得。
创建普通opener：
import urllib.request import urllib.parse ''' 创建一个opener对象步骤 1；创建相关的Handler处理器 2；创建opener对象 ''' #创建相关的Handler处理器 new_handler = urllib.request.HTTPHandler #创建自定义opener对象 new_opener = urllib.request.build_opener(new_handler) ''' 创建新的new_opener之后，可以正常向urllib.request.urlopen()一样使用来访问URL。 举例： url = "https://www.cnblogs.com/aaron456-rgv/p/12051754.html" new_request = urllib.request.Request(url,headers=heasers) result = new_opener.open(new_request) '''
创建代理opener：
import urllib.request import urllib.parse import random ''' 创建一个opener对象步骤 1；创建相关的Handler处理器 2；创建opener对象 ''' #定义一个代理IP地址列表 proxy_ip = [ {"http":"59.57.149.70:9999"}, {"http":"222.190.222.238:9999"}, {"http":"183.166.132.224:9999"}, {"http":"114.239.145.56:808"}, {"http":"183.166.86.243:9999"}, {"http":"60.167.22.217:9999"}, {"http":"117.95.55.151:9999"}, ] #设定随机选择一个代理 proxy = random.choice(proxy_ip) #创建相关的Handler处理器 new_Proxyhandler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxy) #创建自定义opener对象 new_opener = urllib.request.build_opener(new_Proxyhandler) #设定访问地址 url = "https://www.cnblogs.com/aaron456-rgv/p/12051754.html" #设定UA请求字典 user_agent = [ "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/38.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; InfoPath.3; rv:11.0) like Gecko", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1", "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11", "Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_0) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Maxthon 2.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; TencentTraveler 4.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; The World)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; 360SE)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Avant Browser)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)", "Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (iPod; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.3.7; en-us; Nexus One Build/FRF91) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1", "MQQBrowser/26 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.3.7; zh-cn; MB200 Build/GRJ22; CyanogenMod-7) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1", "Opera/9.80 (Android 2.3.4; Linux; Opera Mobi/build-1107180945; U; en-GB) Presto/2.8.149 Version/11.10", "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 3.0; en-us; Xoom Build/HRI39) AppleWebKit/534.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Safari/534.13", "Mozilla/5.0 (BlackBerry; U; BlackBerry 9800; en) AppleWebKit/534.1+ (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/6.0.0.337 Mobile Safari/534.1+", "Mozilla/5.0 (hp-tablet; Linux; hpwOS/3.0.0; U; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) wOSBrowser/233.70 Safari/534.6 TouchPad/1.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (SymbianOS/9.4; Series60/5.0 NokiaN97-1/20.0.019; Profile/MIDP-2.1 Configuration/CLDC-1.1) AppleWebKit/525 (KHTML, like Gecko) BrowserNG/7.1.18124", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows Phone OS 7.5; Trident/5.0; IEMobile/9.0; HTC; Titan)", "UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999", "NOKIA5700/ UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999", "Openwave/ UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; ) Opera/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999", # iPhone 6： "Mozilla/6.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/10A5376e Safari/8536.25", ] #随机生成请求头 new_headers = {"User-Agent": random.choice(user_agent)} #生成请求对象 new_request = urllib.request.Request(url=url,headers=new_headers) #发出请求 new_result = new_opener.open(new_request) #打印文件 print(new_result.read().decode())
测试结果：
0X0X；补充说明
A；Handler处理器可以理解是用来发送和接收数据的模块。
1、HTTPHandler() ：没有任何特殊功能
2、ProxyHandler(普通代理)
代理: {"协议":"IP地址:端口号"}
3、ProxyBasicAuthHandler(密码管理器对象) ：私密代理
4、HTTPBasicAuthHandler(密码管理器对象) : web客户端认证
B；常见代理：西刺免费代理IP（http://www.xicidaili.com/）
免费短期代理网站分高匿和透明
【高匿】：代表服务器追踪不到你原来的IP;
【透明】：代表服务器可以追踪到你的代理IP和原来的IP;
类型表示支持的类型：HTTP或者HTTPS
【存活的时间】：表示在这个期间可用