Linux系统重要文件

其他 2019-12-05 17:17:32 阅读次数: 0

Linux系统重要文件介绍与配置

一网卡配置文件

（一）网卡配置文件参数介绍


文件路径信息：/ec/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

文件作用说明：配置网卡地址信息（IP地址掩码地址网关地址DNS地址信息）

[root@centos7 ~]# cat    /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none DEFROUTE=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=yes IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy NAME=eth0 UUID=9d9e2656-f3ac-4f75-8722-3136d239985d DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=10.0.0.200 PREFIX=24 GATEWAY=10.0.0.254 IPV6_PRIVACY=no DNS1=223.5.5.5

TYPE=Ethernet   指定网络类型——以太网类型

3G、4G、5G--人工智能自动驾驶

DEFROUTE=yes---是否激活默认路由（网络知识会说）

NAME=eth0---网卡名称信息，逻辑名称
DEVICE=eth0--网卡名称信息，设备名称

UUID=9d9e2656-f3ac-4f75-8722-3136d239985d    eth0网卡设备编号

逻辑名称和设备名称的区别？

快速修改IP地址

[root@centos7 ~]# sed -i   s/200/201/g   /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
[root@centos7 ~]# cat    /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 TYPE=Ethernet PROXY_METHOD=none BROWSER_ONLY=no BOOTPROTO=none DEFROUTE=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=yes IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy NAME=eth0 UUID=9d9e2656-f3ac-4f75-8722-3136d239985d DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=10.0.0.201 PREFIX=24 GATEWAY=10.0.0.254 IPV6_PRIVACY=no DNS1=223.5.5.5 [root@centos7 ~]# service network restart Restarting network (via systemctl):

（二）网卡配置文件生效


方法一：利用systemctl命令   systemctl restart network    企业环境不建议  

方法二：利用service命令       service network restart   企业环境不建议

方法三：利用ifxx命令，指定网卡重启          ifdown eth0   &&   ifup eth0  企业环境配置，建议使用

（三）修改网卡名称信息

（1）修改网卡文件中名称信息


vi ifcfg-ens33
NAME=eth0
DEVICE=etho

[root@centos72 ~]# sed -i  s/ens33/eth0/g  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
[root@centos72 ~]# cat  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none BROWSER_ONLY=no BOOTPROTO=none DEFROUTE=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes IPV6INIT=yes IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy NAME=eth0 UUID=faef9329-c9bb-4ba8-84d9-853c3409bb2e DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=10.0.0.72 GATEWAY=10.0.0.1 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 DNS1=223.5.5.5 DNS2=8.8.8.8

（2）网卡文件名称重命名

[root@centos72 ~]# mv  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

（3）让系统内核加载网卡名称修改信息

[root@centos72 ~]#vim  /etc/default/grub 
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)" GRUB_DEFAULT=saved GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0" GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "/etc/default/grub" 7L, 247C written [root@centos72 ~]# cat /etc/default/grub GRUB_TIMEOUT=5 GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)" GRUB_DEFAULT=saved GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rhgb quiet net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0" GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

（4）加载修改配置信息


 grub2-mkconfig   -o     /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

[root@centos72 ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64 Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64.img Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64.img Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-cb26ac281315402a9928e9a4c3bedfcd Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-cb26ac281315402a9928e9a4c3bedfcd.img done

（5）重启操作系统


reboot    

[root@centos72 ~]# reboot 

Connection closed by foreign host.

Disconnected from remote host(10.0.0.72:22) at 11:23:14. Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt. [c:\~]$ ssh 10.0.0.72 Connecting to 10.0.0.72:22... Connection established. To escape to local shell, press Ctrl+Alt+]. WARNING! The remote SSH server rejected X11 forwarding request. Last login: Mon Dec 2 11:15:23 2019 from 10.0.0.1 [root@centos72 ~]# mv /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0^C [root@centos72 ~]# ip a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:fc:69:f8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.0.72/24 brd 10.0.0.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::6a03:a879:3759:698a/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

二域名服务配置文件


文件路径信息：/etc/resolv.conf
文件作用说明：访问名称或者域名信息

vi  /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 223.5.5.5（DNS服务器地址）
PS:DNS服务器将域名解析成IP地址

223.5.5.5              阿里云公司
114.114.114.114   电信公司

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# Generated by NetworkManager
search com
nameserver 223.5.5.5

注意我在北方，所以不能ping通114.114.114.114

[root@centos7 ~]# ping   114.114.114.114
PING 114.114.114.114 (114.114.114.114) 56(84) bytes of data. ^C --- 114.114.114.114 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 2999ms [root@centos7 ~]# ping 223.5.5.5 PING 223.5.5.5 (223.5.5.5) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 223.5.5.5: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=58.8 ms 64 bytes from 223.5.5.5: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=58.3 ms 64 bytes from 223.5.5.5: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=56.9 ms ^C --- 223.5.5.5 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 56.928/58.057/58.856/0.820 ms

三本地域名解析文件

文件路径信息：/etc/hosts
文件作用说明：实现本地名称解析（用于访问不同服务器）用于网站测试

web服务器、数据库服务器、存储服务器、监控服务器、日志服务器、备份服务器、审计服务器、缓存服务器器

相当于公司的各个职位：销售、行政、运营

上面在架构里面出现，需要通过网络进行交流

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

web服务器——网络——数据库服务器192.173.16.122 dbe1，  存储服务器187.169.45.231 date01，监控服务器177 187 56 937abbix01
           

   

注意本地的域名解析优先级更高      

[root@centos7 ~]# ip  a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:ea:b8:14 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.0.200/24 brd 10.0.0.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::951a:d6ce:9fbd:c7b7/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6 10.0.0.200 www.baidu.com
[root@centos7 ~]# ping   www.baidu.com
PING www.baidu.com (10.0.0.200) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from www.baidu.com (10.0.0.200): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.058 ms 64 bytes from www.baidu.com (10.0.0.200): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.040 ms 64 bytes from www.baidu.com (10.0.0.200): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms ^C --- www.baidu.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.040/0.046/0.058/0.011 ms

四开机自动运行命令文件

文件路径信息：/etc/rc.local

文件作用：让系统启动后，自动运行命令信息文件内容信息：#！/bin/bash脚本文件


PS：确认/etc/rc.d/rc.local文件必须有执行权限

chmod +x   /etc/rc.d/rc.local

脚本文件：将复杂工作简单化将重复工作高效化堆命令文件脚本文件如何执行：


方法一：
sh   脚本文件.sh

方法二：

必须确认脚本文件有执行权限

x--execute脚本文件.sh

需求：系统启动好

文件内容信息：
1）将重要数据做好初始备份
2）系统启动好自动清除回收站数据

3）实现自动存储设备挂载

[root@centos7 ~]# ll    /etc/rc.local 
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Nov 26 17:33 /etc/rc.local -> rc.d/rc.local [root@centos7 ~]# ll rc.d/rc.local ls: cannot access rc.d/rc.local: No such file or directory [root@centos7 ~]# ll /root/rc.d/rc.local ls: cannot access /root/rc.d/rc.local: No such file or directory [root@centos7 ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 579 Dec 2 12:39 /etc/rc.d/rc.local [root@centos7 ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local [root@centos7 ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 579 Dec 2 12:39 /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@centos7 ~]# cat  /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/bash
# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES
#
# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules
# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.
#
# In contrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot
# this script will NOT be run after all other services.
#
# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure # that this script will be executed during boot. mkdir -p /backup cp /etc/hosts /backup rm -rf /tmp/* mount /dev/cdrom /mnt touch /var/lock/subsys/local

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