一、Welcome to Class（欢迎来上课）：
1、My goal with this course is to look at how the Internet and world wide web came to be. And how it works on the inside, not from a programming or technical perspective but to simply examine it.
我开设这堂课程的目的，是为了让大家了解了解互联网与万维网的诞生，简单了解它们的工作原理,而不是从程序或技术方面研究它们。
2、We need to hear from these innovators and listen critically, and construct our own views of the very complex process that resulted in the Internet that we see and use today. And once we understand this in more detail, perhaps together we'll be in a better position to imagine what our future might hold and what it will take to invent new ways to connect people, information, and technology.
我们需要批判性地倾听那些革新者的讲述，并对那些逐渐构成了我们目前所见所用的互联网的复杂过程建立自己的观点。而当我们更深刻地理解了整个过程之后，我们也许就能更好地展望未来，思考如果创造连接人、信息、与技术的新方法。
二、High Stakes Research in Computing, and Communication（计算机和通信领域的高风险研究）：
1、I mean computing started, you know, early with abacuses and humans but, we're going to start with the moment that electronic computing, in particular because it was the moment when computing and communication were sort of co-born at the same time. And communication before the Internet became normal. Then early Internet research and then the Internet itself that was academia and then of course for went out into the real world. And then the web, which really took all this connectivity and made it easy to use for everybody. It's really what our view now of this network is, very much through the web. And then from that point forward we look at sort of the commercialization of it and the ubiquity of it and the widespread use of it.
我的意思是，你知道的，计算早期开始于算盘和人类, 但我们将从电子计算的时刻开始（讲起），特别是因为这是计算和通信几乎同时诞生的时刻。通信在互联网之前就很常见，然后由早期的互联网研究，到互联网本身就是学术界，到之后走进了现实世界。之后网络承担了几乎所有的连接 并且每个人都很容易使用它。我们现在对网络的看法，很大程度上都是通过网络（去了解的）。然后从这一点出发，我们来看看它的商业化程度，它的普遍性以及它的广泛应用。
2、War, of course, is terrible but it does cause governments to fear for their lives and invest heavily, very heavily in research. And so we, in some sense, even though war is a terrible thing, we sort of benefit from the extensive research. They were trying to solve wartime problems, but they ultimately solved problems that have changed our peacetime world in wonderful ways.
即是战争是可怕的，但是某种程度上，我们从扩大化的研究中获取了利益。他们试图解决战时的问题, 但最终解决这些问题的奇妙方式改变了我们和平时期的世界。
3、So the BOMBE was a powerful mechanical computer. The Colossus was a powerful electronic computer. But I have this picture, it was drawn by an artist for me. And in addition to showcasing, sort of, the moment where a mechanical computer, no matter how hard you tried, wouldn't work fast enough, and the electronic computer was sort of forcefully created out of a tremendous need
所以BOMBE是一个强大的机械计算机，Colossus是一个强大的电子计算机。但我有这张照片, 它是 我这个艺术家画的。另外展示一个机械计算机,不管多么努力, 都不会足够快的。电子计算机可以说是巨大需求催生的产物。
三、Alan Turing and Bletchley Park（艾伦·图灵和布莱奇利·帕克）：
1、In many ways, Bletchley Park was an early version of a multidisciplinary science center, much like CERN or NCSA is today. Many brilliant people, with different skills and backgrounds, were brought together to solve difficult problems. The combination of the skills and collaborative environment resulted not in just solving the problems of cryptography that they were facing, but in addition solved broader problems for all of computing and all of society.
在很多方面，布莱切利公园都是早期的多部门科研机构，像今天的欧洲核子研究机构和美国国家航空航天局。那些拥有不同能力和背景的聪明人，被聚集到一起去解决难题。这些能力的融合和一个包容合作的环境，不仅解决了他们所面临的密码学难题，还附加地解决了计算学和社会上更广泛的问题。
2、But these machines, these valves at the back, do act as a store, in the sense of counters, and they're actually counting the score that we're actually getting each pass through the algorithm.
但是这些机器，背后的这些电子管，从计数器的意义来看，确实起到了存储的作用，它们实际上是在计算分数，我们实际上是在通过算法。
四、Post-War Computing and Communication（战后计算与通信）：
1、But the folks that had built all these things for wartime purposes switched and moved into academic and peacetime purposes. And so they built, I mean if you think about it, they had less pressure but they already know it's feasible and they can kind of sit back and relax and go like ok, that would be a little better, we kind of compromised there. So they built some really elegant computers. And you know, they can all sort of fight over who's the first. But ultimately, they all pretty much came out very quickly, one after another, cause the idea had escaped. And so this is the beginning of sort of electronic computation.
那些为了战时目的而建造这些东西的人，都投身到学术或其他和平目的了。不过他们要造的话也没有那么大的压力了，他们有经验，知道什么行得通，可以坐下来细琢磨，整个过程会变成，这样可以、那样会好一点。他们会寻求平衡，因而造出了一批简洁、优雅的计算机，不过可想而知的是，他们为谁是第一而吵得不可开交，最后随着这批机器都接连问世，这些点子都传播开了，电子计算机的发端基本就是这样子。
2、The fact that electricity can be used to represent data, and that it can be used to change data very rapidly as compared to other things that used physical storage for computer information. So this was a great time. Electronic computation from the specialized to the general-purpose and these people really built some exciting computers, many of the architectures of which are kind of still sort of with us. A lot of the architectures were innovative, the innovative architectures that we still use today were conceived and imagined there.
电子不仅可以用来表示数据，而且同信息的物理存储方式相比转换速度更快。那是个伟大的时代，电子计算机也从专门用途发展到了通用。这批人造了一批美妙的计算机，不少计算机架构沿用至今，很多创新性的架构就是在那个时期构想出来的。
3、And then more rarely, you had computer-to-computer connections using what are called leased lines. These leased lines were very expensive. They were kind of like making a long distance phone call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They were rarely used in academic situations because they were so expensive. It was more common for a bank to use them to, say, move all their data from their branch locations to a central location once a day. They were generally slow, and very expensive, and they were justifiable in certain situations. And so that's kind of how our world was. We had something on our desk, and then we used that to connect through the phone lines to a central computer that was shared with many different people. We called it time share.
而通过租用线路实现计算机直连则很少见。租用线路十分昂贵，它们的花费就像拨打一天24小时、持续7天的长途电话。这种模式太贵了，学术界基本不用。银行倒是偏好这种模式，它们要把分中心所有的数据汇集到某个中心，这些数据传输会随着时间而逐步变慢，费用也跟着上去了，在这些情况下用直连模式更为合理。以前基本就是这个样子，我们在桌上放个机器，然后通过电话线连接到中央电脑就能实现与不同人的共享，这叫分时共享。
五、Using the Michigan Terminal System（使用密歇根终端系统）：略。
六、Wrap up and Reflection（总结与反思）：
So I just wanted to give you a sense of the what the end user's experience of using computation and communication in the 60s and the early 70s was. Like I said, this was a fun time. If you can't communicate to people thousands of miles away and all of a sudden this gadget on your desk allows you to do it, even if it's gigantic and even if it makes a lot of noise it's still impressive and it still changes how you view the universe, right? The fact that your colleagues can be taken through this keyboard. And your colleagues are on the other side of this keyboard. That is a transformative notion even if the technology these days seems very crude. And we went through a lot of hoops, because computers were expensive, and rare, and had to be heavily shared to justify their costs. And so in the next lecture, we're going to start seeing how we improved how we could share equipment, and make the sharing not require direct dial-up the way it was in the earliest days where you, if you wanted to talk to a computer a thousand miles away, you had to pay for a long distance call. So that we're looking at how to make connections permanent so that we can use these things a little more naturally without such great expense.
我想要告诉你们，在60年代到70年代早期的终端用户使用计算和通信是一种什么样的体验。就像我说的，这非常有趣。如果你从不能与几千英里之外的交流，一下子之间，在你桌子上的装置能使你做到这样。尽管它很庞大，尽管它会发出很大噪音，但是它依然令人印象深刻，改变了你的世界观，不是吗？你的同事能够被这个键盘带去其他地方，然后你的同事在这个键盘的另一边。这是一个革命性的概念，即便这项技术在今天看来是十分粗糙的。我们倍受煎， 因为电脑非常的贵和稀有，所以必须要大量分享使得他们的花费是值得的。在下节课中我们将会看看我们是如何改进它，如何让我们能够分享设备，让分享不需要直接拨号。在最早时期，如果你想要和一千英里以外的电脑对话，你得为远距离通话付费，所以我们在寻找如何建立永久的联系，这样我们可以不用去花费很多钱 更自然地使用它们。