基于Antlr4编写DSL

Tiny最近新的模块DSL和UITemplate，都或多或少涉及到Antlr，特别在使用DSL的时候特别有感触，能否设计的像SQL那样的领域驱动型语言呢？我的对于DSL的理解：

1.是用来解决复杂的业务模型而产生的，假设以计算机为例，采用代码的方式，可能就需要一大堆的判断，用来跟踪是否有有括号、是否有左括号没右括号、是否加减乘除优先制度等很多条件，那如果是业务模型像支付流程，比起计算机更加复杂，如果一大堆if、else等代码复杂不算，仅仅是代码样子都要吐了，其二，假设采用XML这种可读性极强的方式，个人感觉问题不大，唯一不好的层次太多，以及需要一大堆节点，最后如果采用antlr4类似g4格式文件，好处一目了然

grammar Mu;

parse
 : block EOF
 ;

block
 : stat*
 ;

stat
 : assignment
 | if_stat
 | while_stat
 | log
 | OTHER {System.err.println("unknown char: " + $OTHER.text);}
 ;

assignment
 : ID ASSIGN expr SCOL
 ;

if_stat
 : IF condition_block (ELSE IF condition_block)* (ELSE stat_block)?
 ;

condition_block
 : expr stat_block
 ;

stat_block
 : OBRACE block CBRACE
 | stat
 ;

while_stat
 : WHILE expr stat_block
 ;

log
 : LOG expr SCOL
 ;

expr
 : expr POW<assoc=right> expr           #powExpr
 | MINUS expr                           #unaryMinusExpr
 | NOT expr                             #notExpr
 | expr op=(MULT | DIV | MOD) expr      #multiplicationExpr
 | expr op=(PLUS | MINUS) expr          #additiveExpr
 | expr op=(LTEQ | GTEQ | LT | GT) expr #relationalExpr
 | expr op=(EQ | NEQ) expr              #equalityExpr
 | expr AND expr                        #andExpr
 | expr OR expr                         #orExpr
 | atom                                 #atomExpr
 ;

atom
 : OPAR expr CPAR #parExpr
 | (INT | FLOAT)  #numberAtom
 | (TRUE | FALSE) #booleanAtom
 | ID             #idAtom
 | STRING         #stringAtom
 | NIL            #nilAtom
 ;

OR : '||';
AND : '&&';
EQ : '==';
NEQ : '!=';
GT : '>';
LT : '<';
GTEQ : '>=';
LTEQ : '<=';
PLUS : '+';
MINUS : '-';
MULT : '*';
DIV : '/';
MOD : '%';
POW : '^';
NOT : '!';

SCOL : ';';
ASSIGN : '=';
OPAR : '(';
CPAR : ')';
OBRACE : '{';
CBRACE : '}';

TRUE : 'true';
FALSE : 'false';
NIL : 'nil';
IF : 'if';
ELSE : 'else';
WHILE : 'while';
LOG : 'log';

ID
 : [a-zA-Z_] [a-zA-Z_0-9]*
 ;

INT
 : [0-9]+
 ;

FLOAT
 : [0-9]+ '.' [0-9]* 
 | '.' [0-9]+
 ;

STRING
 : '"' (~["\r\n] | '""')* '"'
 ;

COMMENT
 : '#' ~[\r\n]* -> skip
 ;

SPACE
 : [ \t\r\n] -> skip
 ;

OTHER
 : . 
 ;

 

2.Antlr的方式能够进一步规避一些语法的错误，假设你的表达式是2+(1+2，语法分析器就会parse解析时候，得到missing')'，显著得提升我们解决问题

3.Antlr4采用visit观察者模式，在每一个context都有accept(Context ctx)的方式，通过visitor接口，对于抽象语法树AST进行解析的工作

package mu;

import org.antlr.v4.runtime.misc.NotNull;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class EvalVisitor extends MuBaseVisitor<Value> {

    // used to compare floating point numbers
    public static final double SMALL_VALUE = 0.00000000001;

    // store variables (there's only one global scope!)
    private Map<String, Value> memory = new HashMap<String, Value>();

    // assignment/id overrides
    @Override
    public Value visitAssignment(MuParser.AssignmentContext ctx) {
        String id = ctx.ID().getText();
        Value value = this.visit(ctx.expr());
        return memory.put(id, value);
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitIdAtom(MuParser.IdAtomContext ctx) {
        String id = ctx.getText();
        Value value = memory.get(id);
        if(value == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("no such variable: " + id);
        }
        return value;
    }

    // atom overrides
    @Override
    public Value visitStringAtom(MuParser.StringAtomContext ctx) {
        String str = ctx.getText();
        // strip quotes
        str = str.substring(1, str.length() - 1).replace("\"\"", "\"");
        return new Value(str);
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitNumberAtom(MuParser.NumberAtomContext ctx) {
        return new Value(Double.valueOf(ctx.getText()));
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitBooleanAtom(MuParser.BooleanAtomContext ctx) {
        return new Value(Boolean.valueOf(ctx.getText()));
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitNilAtom(MuParser.NilAtomContext ctx) {
        return new Value(null);
    }

    // expr overrides
    @Override
    public Value visitParExpr(MuParser.ParExprContext ctx) {
        return this.visit(ctx.expr());
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitPowExpr(MuParser.PowExprContext ctx) {
        Value left = this.visit(ctx.expr(0));
        Value right = this.visit(ctx.expr(1));
        return new Value(Math.pow(left.asDouble(), right.asDouble()));
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitUnaryMinusExpr(MuParser.UnaryMinusExprContext ctx) {
        Value value = this.visit(ctx.expr());
        return new Value(-value.asDouble());
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitNotExpr(MuParser.NotExprContext ctx) {
        Value value = this.visit(ctx.expr());
        return new Value(!value.asBoolean());
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitMultiplicationExpr(@NotNull MuParser.MultiplicationExprContext ctx) {

        Value left = this.visit(ctx.expr(0));
        Value right = this.visit(ctx.expr(1));

        switch (ctx.op.getType()) {
            case MuParser.MULT:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() * right.asDouble());
            case MuParser.DIV:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() / right.asDouble());
            case MuParser.MOD:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() % right.asDouble());
            default:
                throw new RuntimeException("unknown operator: " + MuParser.tokenNames[ctx.op.getType()]);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitAdditiveExpr(@NotNull MuParser.AdditiveExprContext ctx) {

        Value left = this.visit(ctx.expr(0));
        Value right = this.visit(ctx.expr(1));

        switch (ctx.op.getType()) {
            case MuParser.PLUS:
                return left.isDouble() && right.isDouble() ?
                        new Value(left.asDouble() + right.asDouble()) :
                        new Value(left.asString() + right.asString());
            case MuParser.MINUS:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() - right.asDouble());
            default:
                throw new RuntimeException("unknown operator: " + MuParser.tokenNames[ctx.op.getType()]);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitRelationalExpr(@NotNull MuParser.RelationalExprContext ctx) {

        Value left = this.visit(ctx.expr(0));
        Value right = this.visit(ctx.expr(1));

        switch (ctx.op.getType()) {
            case MuParser.LT:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() < right.asDouble());
            case MuParser.LTEQ:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() <= right.asDouble());
            case MuParser.GT:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() > right.asDouble());
            case MuParser.GTEQ:
                return new Value(left.asDouble() >= right.asDouble());
            default:
                throw new RuntimeException("unknown operator: " + MuParser.tokenNames[ctx.op.getType()]);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitEqualityExpr(@NotNull MuParser.EqualityExprContext ctx) {

        Value left = this.visit(ctx.expr(0));
        Value right = this.visit(ctx.expr(1));

        switch (ctx.op.getType()) {
            case MuParser.EQ:
                return left.isDouble() && right.isDouble() ?
                        new Value(Math.abs(left.asDouble() - right.asDouble()) < SMALL_VALUE) :
                        new Value(left.equals(right));
            case MuParser.NEQ:
                return left.isDouble() && right.isDouble() ?
                        new Value(Math.abs(left.asDouble() - right.asDouble()) >= SMALL_VALUE) :
                        new Value(!left.equals(right));
            default:
                throw new RuntimeException("unknown operator: " + MuParser.tokenNames[ctx.op.getType()]);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitAndExpr(MuParser.AndExprContext ctx) {
        Value left = this.visit(ctx.expr(0));
        Value right = this.visit(ctx.expr(1));
        return new Value(left.asBoolean() && right.asBoolean());
    }

    @Override
    public Value visitOrExpr(MuParser.OrExprContext ctx) {
        Value left = this.visit(ctx.expr(0));
        Value right = this.visit(ctx.expr(1));
        return new Value(left.asBoolean() || right.asBoolean());
    }

    // log override
    @Override
    public Value visitLog(MuParser.LogContext ctx) {
        Value value = this.visit(ctx.expr());
        System.out.println(value);
        return value;
    }

    // if override
    @Override
    public Value visitIf_stat(MuParser.If_statContext ctx) {

        List<MuParser.Condition_blockContext> conditions =  ctx.condition_block();

        boolean evaluatedBlock = false;

        for(MuParser.Condition_blockContext condition : conditions) {

            Value evaluated = this.visit(condition.expr());

            if(evaluated.asBoolean()) {
                evaluatedBlock = true;
                // evaluate this block whose expr==true
                this.visit(condition.stat_block());
                break;
            }
        }

        if(!evaluatedBlock && ctx.stat_block() != null) {
            // evaluate the else-stat_block (if present == not null)
            this.visit(ctx.stat_block());
        }

        return Value.VOID;
    }

    // while override
    @Override
    public Value visitWhile_stat(MuParser.While_statContext ctx) {

        Value value = this.visit(ctx.expr());

        while(value.asBoolean()) {

            // evaluate the code block
            this.visit(ctx.stat_block());

            // evaluate the expression
            value = this.visit(ctx.expr());
        }

        return Value.VOID;
    }
}

 用户关注点已经有从编写流程文件，到visitor对于AST树的控制，到使用我们的DSL

 MuLexer lexer = new MuLexer(new ANTLRFileStream(args[0]));
        MuParser parser = new MuParser(new CommonTokenStream(lexer));
        ParseTree tree = parser.parse();
        EvalVisitor visitor = new EvalVisitor();
        visitor.visit(tree);