hibernate 多对一(Many-to-one)单向关联

多对一实例（Employee-Department）

1. E-R图：

2. 实体类：

Department类：

Java代码  

1. package com.reiyen.hibernate.domain   
2.     public class Department {   
3.   
4.         private int id;   
5.         private String name;   
6.           //setter和getter方法....   
7.     }  

package com.reiyen.hibernate.domain
	public class Department {

		private int id;
		private String name;
	      //setter和getter方法....
	}

 Employee类:

Java代码  

1.       package com.reiyen.hibernate.domain   
2. public class Employee {   
3.   
4.     private int id;   
5.     private String name;   
6.     private Department department;   
7.     //setter和getter方法   
8. }  

       package com.reiyen.hibernate.domain
	public class Employee {

		private int id;
		private String name;
		private Department department;
		//setter和getter方法
	}

  3. 实体映射文件：

Department.hbm.xml如下：

Xml代码  

1. <?xml version="1.0"?>  
2.     <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC    
3.         "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"   
4.         "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">  
5.     <hibernate-mapping package="com.reiyen.hibernate.domain">  
6.         <class name="Department" >  
7.             <id name="id" >  
8.                 <generator class="native" />  
9.             </id>  
10.             <property name="name" />  
11.         </class>  
12.     </hibernate-mapping>  

<?xml version="1.0"?>
	<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC 
		"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
		"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
	<hibernate-mapping package="com.reiyen.hibernate.domain">
		<class name="Department" >
			<id name="id" >
				<generator class="native" />
			</id>
			<property name="name" />
		</class>
	</hibernate-mapping>

 Employee.hbm.xml如下：

Xml代码  

1. <?xml version="1.0"?>  
2.     <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC    
3.         "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"   
4.         "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">  
5.     <hibernate-mapping package="com.reiyen.hibernate.domain">  
6.         <class name="Employee">  
7.             <id name="id">  
8.                 <generator class="native" />  
9.             </id>  
10.             <property name="name" />  
11.             <!-- name="department" 这个名称必须与Employee中的属性名一致. -->  
12.             <many-to-one name="department" column="depart_id" class="Department" />  
13.         </class>  
14.     </hibernate-mapping>  

<?xml version="1.0"?>
	<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC 
		"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
		"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
	<hibernate-mapping package="com.reiyen.hibernate.domain">
		<class name="Employee">
			<id name="id">
				<generator class="native" />
			</id>
			<property name="name" />
			<!-- name="department" 这个名称必须与Employee中的属性名一致. -->
			<many-to-one name="department" column="depart_id" class="Department" />
		</class>
	</hibernate-mapping>

 <many-to-one name=”department” column=”depart_id” />这种缺省情况,
hibernate会默认去department对象中查找主键值,因为hibernate默认的是外键对应另一个表中的主键的,
如果想对应department中的其它属性,如”name”,则可以使用<many-to-one name=”department” column=”depart_id” property-ref=”name”/>也可以使用<many-to-one name=”department” />,这与 <many-to-one name=”depart” column=”depart_id” />的唯一区别就是它的column名也为department了,而不是depart_id.

<many-to-one >元素建立了department属性和employee表的外键depart_id之间的映射.

name: 设定待映射的持久化类的属性名,此外为employee类的department属性.

column: 设定和持久化类的属性对应的表的外键,此外为employee表的外键depart_id.

class(可选):设定持久化类的属性的类型,此处设定department的类型是Department类.

not-null(可选):如果为true,表示department属性不能为null,该属性的默认值为false.当为true时,生成的employee表中depart_id外键会设置not-null约束,所以当Hibernate保存Employee对象时,会先检查它的department属性是否为null,如果为null,则会抛出异常.

3. 将两个实体映射文件在hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件中注册：（hibernate.cfg.xml在我一篇文章：第一个Hibernate实例 中有）

Xml代码  

1. <mapping resource="com/reiyen/hibernate/domain/Department.hbm.xml" />  
2. <mapping resource="com/reiyen/hibernate/domain/Employee.hbm.xml" />  

<mapping resource="com/reiyen/hibernate/domain/Department.hbm.xml" />
<mapping resource="com/reiyen/hibernate/domain/Employee.hbm.xml" />

 4. 测试：

Java代码  

1. public class Many2One {   
2. public static void main(String[] args) {   
3.         Department depart = add();   
4.         System.out.println("depart name: " + depart.getName());   
5.     }   
6. static Department add() {   
7.         Session s = null;   
8.         Transaction tx = null;   
9.         try {   
10.             Department depart = new Department();   
11.             depart.setName("department name");   
12.             Employee employee = new Employee();   
13.                employee.setDepartment(depart); // 对象模型：建立两个对象的关联   
14.                        employee.setName("employee name");   
15.             s = HibernateUtil.getSession();   
16.             tx = s.beginTransaction();   
17.             s.save(depart);   
18.                     s.save(employee);   
19.             tx.commit();   
20.             return depart;   
21.         } finally {   
22.             if (s != null)   
23.                 s.close();   
24.         }   
25.     }   
26. }  

public class Many2One {
public static void main(String[] args) {
		Department depart = add();
		System.out.println("depart name: " + depart.getName());
	}
static Department add() {
		Session s = null;
		Transaction tx = null;
		try {
			Department depart = new Department();
			depart.setName("department name");
			Employee employee = new Employee();
		       employee.setDepartment(depart); // 对象模型：建立两个对象的关联
                       employee.setName("employee name");
			s = HibernateUtil.getSession();
			tx = s.beginTransaction();
			s.save(depart);
	                s.save(employee);
			tx.commit();
			return depart;
		} finally {
			if (s != null)
				s.close();
		}
	}
}

 运行后，控制台打印信息如下：

Hibernate: insert into Department (name) values (?)
Hibernate: insert into Employee (name, depart_id) values (?, ?)
depart name: department name

查看Employee数据库表的创建语句如下：（注意红色部分）

    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test`.`employee`;
    CREATE TABLE  `test`.`employee` (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
      `name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
      `depart_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
      KEY `FK4AFD4ACEA3E9AC0F` (`depart_id`),
      CONSTRAINT `FK4AFD4ACEA3E9AC0F` FOREIGN KEY (`depart_id`) REFERENCES `department` (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

 表中插入记录如下：

Sql代码  

1. mysql> select * from employee;   
2. +----+---------------+-----------+   
3. | id | name          | depart_id |   
4. +----+---------------+-----------+   
5. |  1 | employee name |         1 |   
6. +----+---------------+-----------+   
7. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)   
8.   
9. mysql> select * from department;   
10. +----+-----------------+   
11. | id | name            |   
12. +----+-----------------+   
13. |  1 | department name |   
14. +----+-----------------+   
15. 1 row in set (0.00 sec)  

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+---------------+-----------+
| id | name          | depart_id |
+----+---------------+-----------+
|  1 | employee name |         1 |
+----+---------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from department;
+----+-----------------+
| id | name            |
+----+-----------------+
|  1 | department name |
+----+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 调换测试类两句程序的顺序,如下所示：

Java代码  

1. s.save(employee);   
2. s.save(depart);  

s.save(employee);
s.save(depart);

则控制台的信息如下所示：（多了一条更新语句）

Hibernate: insert into Employee (name, depart_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Department (name) values (?)
Hibernate: update Employee set name=?, depart_id=? where id=?
depart name: department name

Java代码  

1. employee.setDepartment(depart); // 对象模型：建立两个对象的关联  

employee.setDepartment(depart); // 对象模型：建立两个对象的关联

这句话很重要，如果没有这句话，则Department和Employee之间就没有任何关系了。

如果你在Employee.hbm.xml中配置了

<many-to-one name="department" column="depart_id" not-null="true"/>

则必须先保存department再保存employee，否则会抛出：

org.hibernate.PropertyValueException: not-null property references a null or transient value 异常！

查询测试：

Java代码  

1. public class Many2One {   
2.     public static void main(String[] args) {   
3.         Department depart = add();   
4.         Employee employee = query(1);   
5.         // System.out.println("depart name:" + employee.getDepartment().getName()); // 2   
6.     }   
7.   
8.     static Employee query(int empId) {   
9.         Session s = null;   
10.         Transaction tx = null;   
11.         try {   
12.             s = HibernateUtil.getSession();   
13.             tx = s.beginTransaction();   
14.             Employee emp = (Employee) s.get(Employee.class, empId);   
15.             System.out.println("depart name:" + emp.getDepartment().getName()); // 1   
16.               // System.out.println("depart class:" + emp.getDepartment().getClass()); // 4    
17.              //System.out.println("depart id:" + emp.getDepartment().getId());  //5        
18.             // Hibernate.initialize(emp.getDepartment()); // 3   
19.             tx.commit();   
20.             return emp;   
21.         } finally {   
22.             if (s != null)   
23.                 s.close();   
24.         }   
25.     }   
26. }  

public class Many2One {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Department depart = add();
		Employee employee = query(1);
		// System.out.println("depart name:" + employee.getDepartment().getName()); // 2
	}

	static Employee query(int empId) {
		Session s = null;
		Transaction tx = null;
		try {
			s = HibernateUtil.getSession();
			tx = s.beginTransaction();
			Employee emp = (Employee) s.get(Employee.class, empId);
			System.out.println("depart name:" + emp.getDepartment().getName()); // 1
              // System.out.println("depart class:" + emp.getDepartment().getClass()); // 4	
             //System.out.println("depart id:" + emp.getDepartment().getId());  //5		
            // Hibernate.initialize(emp.getDepartment()); // 3
			tx.commit();
			return emp;
		} finally {
			if (s != null)
				s.close();
		}
	}
}

 测试程序运行后，控制台打印出的sql如下:
Hibernate: select employee0_.id as id2_0_, employee0_.name as name2_0_, employee0_.depart_id as depart3_2_0_ from Employee employee0_ where employee0_.id=?
Hibernate: select department0_.id as id1_0_, department0_.name as name1_0_ from Department department0_ where department0_.id=?

depart  name:department name

当相关联的session没有关闭时，访问这些懒加载对象（代理对象）的属性（getId和getClass除外）时，hibernate会初始化这些代理,所以将Employee对象和Department对象都查询出来了。相当于在数据库中执行两次查询:
首先执行select * from employee where employee.id = ?
然后再执行select * from department where department.id = ?

如果将测试程序中标记为2的语句前的注释去掉，同时把标记为1的语句注释掉，再运行刚会出现如下所示的异常：

org.hibernate.LazyInitializationException: could not initialize proxy - no Session

解决办法是把标记为3的语句前的注释去掉，即初始化懒加载的代理对象。（可以给query方法再传递一个参数，如boolean isInit,如果是true的话就初始化代理对象，即调用

Java代码  

1. Hibernate.initialize(emp.getDepartment())  

Hibernate.initialize(emp.getDepartment())

否则，就不初始化代理对象）。

5.懒加载说明：

many-to-one（元素）懒加载：1).lazy!=false 2).fetch=select

能够懒加载的对象都是被改写过的代理对象，当相关联的session没有关闭时，访问这些懒加载对象（代理对象）的属性（getId和getClass除外）时，hibernate会初始化这些代理，或用Hibernate.initialize(proxy)来初始化代理对象；
当相关联的session关闭后，再访问懒加载的对象将会出现异常。

（1）把标记为1的语句注释掉，同时去掉标记为4的语句前面的注释，进行测试，控制台打印信息如下所示：

Hibernate: select employee0_.id as id1_0_, employee0_.name as name1_0_, employee0_.depart_id as depart3_1_0_ from Employee employee0_ where employee0_.id=?
depart class:class com.itcast.hibernate.domain.Department$$EnhancerByCGLIB$$b412e7fa

说明实现了懒加载，它只查询出Employee对象，而没有去查询相应的Department对象；同时可以看出，返回的是改写过的代理对象，而不是实体类Department.

（2）把标记为1的语句注释掉，同时去掉标记为5的语句前面的注释，进行测试，控制台打印信息如下所示：

Hibernate: select employee0_.id as id1_0_, employee0_.name as name1_0_, employee0_.depart_id as depart3_1_0_ from Employee employee0_ where employee0_.id=?
depart id:1

当相关联的session没有关闭时，访问这些懒加载对象（代理对象）getId和getClass属性，hibernate不会初始化这些代理。