自定义反序列化字段
# 一些只参与反序列化的字段，但是不是与数据库关联的
# 在序列化类中规定，并在校验字段时从校验的参数字典中剔除
class PublishModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
# 自定义不入库的 反序列化 字段
re_name = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
class Meta:
model = models.Publish
fields = ('name', 're_name', 'address')
def validate(self, attrs):
name = attrs.get('name')
re_name = attrs.pop('re_name') # 剔除
if name != re_name:
raise serializers.ValidationError({'re_name': '确认名字有误'})
return attrs
模型类中自定义序列化深度
# model类中自定义插拔的外键序列化字段，可以采用外键关联表的序列化类来完成深度查询
class Book(BaseModel):
# ...
@property
def publish_detail(self):
from . import serializers
data = serializers.PublishModelSerializer(self.publish).data
return data
接口操作总结
# 单查群查、单删群删、单增群增、单改群改
路由层：api/url.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
# ...
url(r'^v3/books/$', views.BookV3APIView.as_view()),
url(r'^v3/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookV3APIView.as_view()),
]
模型层：api/models.py
# 修改部分：取消book类 name 与 publish 联合唯一
from django.db import models
from utils.model import BaseModel
class Book(BaseModel):
name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
img = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.png')
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', null=True,
related_name='books',
db_constraint=False,
on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING,
)
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author', null=True,
related_name='books',
db_constraint=False,
)
@property
def publish_name(self):
return self.publish.name
@property
def authors_info(self):
author_list = []
for author in self.authors.all():
author_list.append({
'name': author.name,
'age': author.age,
'mobile': author.detail.mobile
})
return author_list
@property
def publish_bac(self):
from . import serializers
data = serializers.PublishModelSerializer(self.publish).data
return data
class Meta:
db_table = 'old_boy_book'
verbose_name = '书籍'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
# 联合唯一
# unique_together = ('name', 'publish')
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class Publish(BaseModel):
name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
address = models.CharField(max_length=64)
class Meta:
db_table = 'old_boy_publish'
verbose_name = '出版社'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class Author(BaseModel):
name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
age = models.IntegerField()
@property
def mobile(self):
return self.detail.mobile
class Meta:
db_table = 'old_boy_author'
verbose_name = '作者'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class AuthorDetail(BaseModel):
mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11)
author = models.OneToOneField(to='Author', null=True,
related_name='detail',
db_constraint=False,
on_delete=models.CASCADE
)
class Meta:
db_table = 'old_boy_author_detail'
verbose_name = '作者详情'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return '%s的详情' % self.author.name
序列化层：api/serializers.py
# 群增与群改反序列化实现
# 1）ModelSerializer默认不通过群改功能，需要在Meta中设置 list_serializer_class
# 2）自定义ListSerializer子类，重写update方法，将子类绑定给 list_serializer_class
# 3）重写update方法中通过 代表要更新的对象们instance 及 提供的更新数据们validated_data
# 得到 更新后的对象们instance 返回
class BookV3ListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
'''
:param instance: [book_obj1, ..., book_obj2]
:param validated_data: [{更新数据的字段}, ..., {更新数据的字段}]
:return: [book_new_obj1, ..., book_new_obj2]
'''
for index, obj in enumerate(instance): # type: int, models.Book
# 单个对象数据更新 - 一个个属性更新值
for attr, value in validated_data[index].items():
# 对象有更新数据字典的key对应的属性，才完成该属性的值更新
if hasattr(obj, attr):
setattr(obj, attr, value)
# 信息同步到数据库
obj.save()
return instance
class BookV3ModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.Book
fields = ('name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors', 'img', 'publish_name', 'authors_info')
list_serializer_class = BookV3ListSerializer
extra_kwargs = {
'publish': {
'required': True,
'write_only': True
},
'authors': {
'required': True,
'write_only': True
},
'img': {
'read_only': True
}
}
def validate_name(self, value):
if 'sb' in value:
raise serializers.ValidationError('书名有敏感词汇')
return value
def validate(self, attrs):
name = attrs.get('name')
publish = attrs.get('publish')
if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish):
raise serializers.ValidationError({'book': '书籍以存在'})
return attrs
视图层：api/views.py
class BookV3APIView(APIView):
# 单查群查
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk=pk).first()
if not book_obj:
return APIResponse(1, 'pk error')
book_ser = serializers.BookV3ModelSerializer(book_obj)
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=book_ser.data)
book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all().order_by('-id')
book_ser = serializers.BookV3ModelSerializer(book_query, many=True)
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=book_ser.data)
# 单增群增
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 单增 /books/ data {}
# 群增 /books/ data [{}, ..., {}]
request_data = request.data
if isinstance(request_data, dict):
data = [request_data, ]
elif isinstance(request_data, list):
data = request_data
else:
return APIResponse(1, '数据格式有误')
book_ser = serializers.BookV3ModelSerializer(data=data, many=True)
if book_ser.is_valid():
book_obj_list = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(0, 'ok',
results=serializers.BookV3ModelSerializer(book_obj_list, many=True).data
)
else:
return APIResponse(1, '添加失败', results=book_ser.errors)
"""
1）先确定要更新的对象 主键们 与 数据们
2）通过校验数据库剔除 已删除的对象 与 不存在的对象
主键们 => 剔除过程 => 可以修改的对象们
数据们 => 剔除过程 => 可以修改的对象们对应的数据们
3）反序列化及校验过程
通过 => save() 完成更新
失败 => ser_obj.errors 返回
"""
# 单改群改
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 单改 /books/(pk)/ data {"name": "new_name", ...}
# 群改 /books/ data [{"pk": 1, "name": "new_name", ...}, ...,{"pk": n, "name": "new_name", ...}]
# 结果：
# pks = [1, ..., n] => book_query => instance
# data = [{"name": "new_name", ...}, ..., {"name": "new_name", ...}] => data
# 数据预处理
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
request_data = request.data
if pk:
if not isinstance(request_data, dict):
return APIResponse(1, '单增数据有误')
pks = [pk, ]
data = [request_data, ]
elif isinstance(request_data, list):
try:
pks = []
for dic in request_data:
# pks.append(dic.pop('pk'))
pks.append(dic.get('pk'))
data = request_data
except:
return APIResponse(1, '群增数据有误')
else:
return APIResponse(1, '数据格式有误')
# 将 已删除的书籍 与 不存在的书籍 剔除 (提供修改的数据相对应也剔除)
book_query = []
filter_data = []
for index, pk in enumerate(pks):
book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk=pk).first()
if book_obj:
book_query.append(book_obj)
filter_data.append(data[index])
# 反序列化完成数据的修改
book_ser = serializers.BookV3ModelSerializer(instance=book_query, data=filter_data, many=True, partial=True)
if book_ser.is_valid():
book_obj_list = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(1, 'ok',
results=serializers.BookV3ModelSerializer(book_obj_list, many=True).data
)
else:
return APIResponse(1, '更新失败', results=book_ser.errors)
# 单删群删
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 单删 /books/(pk)/
# 群删 /books/ 数据包携带 pks => request.data
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
pks = [pk]
else:
pks = request.data.get('pks')
if not pks:
return APIResponse(1, '删除失败')
book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=pks)
if not book_query.update(is_delete=True): # 操作的记录大于0就记录删除成功
return APIResponse(1, '删除失败')
return APIResponse(0, '删除成功')
视图家族
"""
views：基本视图
APIView
generics：工具视图
GenericAPIView 该家族的基类
将 queryset 和 serializer_class 封装成类属性，提供了三个方法
get_queryset() | get_object() | get_serializer(*args, **kwargs)
GenericAPIView众多子类
继承 (mixins中若干功能类, GenericAPIView基类)
提供 get | post | put | patch | delete 五大接口
eg：RetrieveUpdateAPIView就可以完成 单取(get)，单局部(patch)及整体(put)修改
mixins：视图工具集
五大工具类：
RetrieveModelMixin：retrieve 单取
ListModelMixin：list 群取
CreateModelMixin：create 单增
UpdateModelMixin：update 单整体改 partial_update 单局部改
DestroyModelMixin：destroy 单删
viewsets：视图集
ViewSetMixin：视图集工具 - 重写as_view - 将 请求方式 映射到视图类中的 指定方法
.as_view({'get': 'retrieve', 'delete': 'remove_obj'})
GenericViewSet：与模型类有关的接口视图集 - 可以从mixins那继承功能，也可以自定义功能
ViewSet：与模型类无关或不是标准模型类接口 - 一般都是自定义功能
开发中常用类
views：APIView
generics：ListAPIView, ...
viewsets：GenericViewSet
"""
路由层：api/url.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
# views
url(r'^books/$', views.BookAPIView.as_view()),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookAPIView.as_view()),
# generics
url(r'^v1/books/$', views.BookGenericAPIView.as_view()),
url(r'^v1/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookGenericAPIView.as_view()),
# mixins + generics
url(r'^v2/books/$', views.BookMixinsGenericAPIView.as_view()),
url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookMixinsGenericAPIView.as_view()),
# 系统整合mixins、generics
url(r'^v3/books/$', views.BookRetrieveUpdateAPIView.as_view()),
url(r'^v3/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookRetrieveUpdateAPIView.as_view()),
# viewsets
url(r'^v4/books/$', views.BookGenericViewSet.as_view({
'get': 'list',
'post': 'create'
})),
url(r'^v4/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.BookGenericViewSet.as_view({
'get': 'retrieve',
'put': 'update',
'patch': 'partial_update',
'delete': 'remove_book'
})),
]
模型层：api/models.py
# 没有变化
序列化层：api/serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from . import models
class BookModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.Book
fields = ('name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors')
extra_kwargs = {
'publish': {
# 数据库有默认值，必须反序列化的字段，要设置required=True
'required': True,
'write_only': True
},
'authors': {
'required': True,
'write_only': True
}
}
视图层：api/views.py
from rest_framework import views, generics, mixins, viewsets
from . import models, serializers
from utils.response import APIResponse
# 基础
class BookAPIView(views.APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).order_by('-id').all()
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True)
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=book_ser.data)
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(data=request.data)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_obj = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data)
# v1 generics - 视图基类
class BookGenericAPIView(generics.GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).order_by('-id')
serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
if 'pk' in kwargs:
book_obj = self.get_object()
book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_obj)
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=book_ser.data)
book_query = self.get_queryset()
book_ser = self.get_serializer(book_query, many=True)
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=book_ser.data)
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
book_ser = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_obj = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=self.get_serializer(book_obj).data)
# v2 mixins - 工具集
class BookMixinsGenericAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, mixins.ListModelMixin, mixins.CreateModelMixin, generics.GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).order_by('-id')
serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
if 'pk' in kwargs:
response = self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
else:
response = self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=response.data)
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
response = self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
return APIResponse(0, 'ok', results=response.data)
# v3 视图基类子类 - 工具视图类
class BookRetrieveUpdateAPIView(generics.RetrieveUpdateAPIView):
queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).order_by('-id')
serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
# v4 视图集 - 快速实现模型类五大接口 - 自定义删除方法
class BookGenericViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, mixins.ListModelMixin, mixins.CreateModelMixin, mixins.UpdateModelMixin, viewsets.GenericViewSet):
queryset = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).order_by('-id')
serializer_class = serializers.BookModelSerializer
def remove_book(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
try:
book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(is_delete=False, pk=pk)
book_obj.is_delete = True
book_obj.save()
return APIResponse(0, '删除成功')
except:
return APIResponse(1, '删除失败')