概述
websocket是html5中实现了服务端和客户端进行双向文本或二进制数据通信的一种新协议，其实已经低于HTTP协议本身和HTTP本质上没有什么关系了。不过形式上两者还是有想象之处。因此websocket的连接地址是长这样的：ws://localhost:8080。可以看到，协议修饰符不是http了。
另外，websocket在连接建立阶段是通过HTTP的握手方式进行的，这可以看做是为了兼容浏览器或者使用一些现成的功能来实现，这样一种捷径。当连接建立之后，客户端和服务端之间就不再进行HTTP通信了，所有信息交互都由websocket接管。
从资源占用的角度上来说，其实websocket比ajax占用的资源更多，但它真正实现了全双工通信这一点还是很理想的，意味着无论是前端还是后台的信息交互程序编写都会变得更加方便。由于采用了新的协议，所以我们也需要适当地改造下前后台的程序。
应用了socket.io.js的一个简单socket对象的创建可以这么写：
var websocket_url = 'http"//' + document.domain + ':' + location.port + '/testnamespace';
//没错是用http开头的url了，因为这个库会自动解析并帮我们创建websocket对象的
//最后的namespace是websocket中的命名空间，后面再讲
var socket = io.connect(wesocket_url);
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得到了这个socket对象之后，我们可以用这个对象进行消息的收发。简答的前端消息收发如下：
//发送消息
socket.emit('request_for_response',{'param':'value'});
//监听回复的消息
socket.on('response',function(data){
if (data.code == '200'){
alert(data.msg);
}
else{
alert('ERROR:' + data.msg);
}
});
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其中request_for_response和response两个名字都是我自己取的，这两个名字应该和后端相关的名字协同一致才能保证通信的成功。另外刚才提到了namespace这个东西，因为namespace是在socket创建的时候就决定的，也就是说这些消息的收发都是在'testnamespace'这个空间中进行的。所以在后端上这个空间也要和前端一致。
后端socket编写（flask-socketio）
flask-socketio的创建和运行方式如下：
from flask import Flask
from flask_socketio import SocketIO,emit
app = Flask(__name__)
socketio = SocketIO()
socketio.init_app(app)
"""
对app进行一些路由设置
"""
"""
对socketio进行一些监听设置
"""
if __name__ == '__main__':
socketio.run(app,debug=True,host='0.0.0.0',port=5000)
#这里就不再用app.run而用socketio.run了。socketio.run的参数和app.run也都差不多
image.gif
上面的，对app的路由设置就不再说了，想说的是对socketio的监听设置，这才是真正关系到前后端websocket通信过程的。结合前面的前端代码，socketio的监听设置可以这样做：
@socketio.on('request_for_response',namespace='/testnamespace')
def give_response(data):
value = data.get('param')
#进行一些对value的处理或者其他操作,在此期间可以随时会调用emit方法向前台发送消息
emit('response',{'code':'200','msg':'start to process...'})
time.sleep(5)
emit('response',{'code':'200','msg':'processed'})
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socketio也用了和app.route类似的装饰器的形式进行监听设置。主要参数中有namespace这一项，也就是这项指定了这个监听的范围。在前端，只有注册在testnamespace上的socket，emit向request_for_response的消息才会被这个函数接受并处理。处理函数自带一个参数用来接收前端emit来消息中的那个object，在处理函数中可以对其解析处理。随后后端向前端发送了start to process的消息。也使用了emit这个方法，然后指明了监听是response。也就是说前端on在response上的监听处理函数会处理这个消息（当然还是在testnamespace的框架内）。发出消息后后端不会被阻塞而是继续向下执行，在处理了5秒钟之后发出了结束处理的消息，前端自然隔了五秒之后就得到了这个消息了。
socket监听响应函数本身不需要返回什么值，只需要在处理过程中适当的位置emit出消息即可。
网上其他一些教程中会提到send方法来取代emit方法的位置（无论是前端还是后端），其实send方法就是把上文中的'request_for_response','response'这两个标识都默认成'message'。如此在写的时候就不用写事件名，直接写要传递的参数即可。反过来看，用emit方法实际上是做了一个自定义事件的工作，可以说更加灵活多变一点。
其实GitHub上有案例，可以根据案例修改，可直接使用，
GitHub上的源码：Flask-socketIO
这里给出一个例子：
后端代码：
#!/usr/bin/env python
from threading import Lock
from flask import Flask, render_template, session, request, \
copy_current_request_context
from flask_socketio import SocketIO, emit, join_room, leave_room, \
close_room, rooms, disconnect
# Set this variable to "threading", "eventlet" or "gevent" to test the
# different async modes, or leave it set to None for the application to choose
# the best option based on installed packages.
async_mode = None
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = 'secret!'
socketio = SocketIO(app, async_mode=async_mode)
thread = None
thread_lock = Lock()
def background_thread():
"""Example of how to send server generated events to clients."""
count = 0
while True:
socketio.sleep(100)
count += 1
socketio.emit('my_response',
{'data': 'Server generated event', 'count': count},
namespace='/test')
@app.route('/')
def index():
return render_template('index.html', async_mode=socketio.async_mode)
'''
1.后端如何得到前端数据
1）如果前端提交的方法为POST：
后端接收时要写methods=[‘GET’,‘POST’]
xx=request.form.get(xx);
xx=request.form[’‘xx’]
2）如果是GET
xx=request.args.get(xx)
2.后端向前端传数据
1) 传单个数据`
return render_template(‘需要传参网址’,xx=u’ xx’)；
前端接收：
{{xx}}
2) 传多个数据
先把数据写进字典，字典整体传
return render_template(‘需要传参网址’,**字典名’)；
前端接收：
{{字典名.变量名}}
'''
@socketio.on('my_event', namespace='/test')
def mtest_message(message):
session['receive_count'] = session.get('receive_count', 0) + 1
# print(message)
# print(message['data'])
emit('my_response',
{'data': message['data'], 'count': session['receive_count']})
@socketio.on('my_broadcast_event', namespace='/test')
def mtest_broadcast_message(message):
session['receive_count'] = session.get('receive_count', 0) + 1
emit('my_response',
{'data': message['data'], 'count': session['receive_count']},
broadcast=True)
@socketio.on('join', namespace='/test')
def join(message):
join_room(message['room'])
session['receive_count'] = session.get('receive_count', 0) + 1
emit('my_response',
{'data': 'In rooms: ' + ', '.join(rooms()),
'count': session['receive_count']})
@socketio.on('leave', namespace='/test')
def leave(message):
leave_room(message['room'])
session['receive_count'] = session.get('receive_count', 0) + 1
emit('my_response',
{'data': 'In rooms: ' + ', '.join(rooms()),
'count': session['receive_count']})
@socketio.on('close_room', namespace='/test')
def close(message):
session['receive_count'] = session.get('receive_count', 0) + 1
emit('my_response', {'data': 'Room ' + message['room'] + ' is closing.',
'count': session['receive_count']},
room=message['room'])
close_room(message['room'])
@socketio.on('my_room_event', namespace='/test')
def send_room_message(message):
session['receive_count'] = session.get('receive_count', 0) + 1
emit('my_response',
{'data': message['data'], 'count': session['receive_count']},
room=message['room'])
@socketio.on('disconnect_request', namespace='/test')
def disconnect_request():
@copy_current_request_context
def can_disconnect():
disconnect()
session['receive_count'] = session.get('receive_count', 0) + 1
# for this emit we use a callback function
# when the callback function is invoked we know that the message has been
# received and it is safe to disconnect
emit('my_response',
{'data': 'Disconnected!', 'count': session['receive_count']},
callback=can_disconnect)
@socketio.on('my_ping', namespace='/test')
def ping_pong():
emit('my_pong')
@socketio.on('connect', namespace='/test')
def mtest_connect():
global thread
with thread_lock:
if thread is None:
thread = socketio.start_background_task(background_thread)
emit('my_response', {'data': 'Connected', 'count': 0})
@socketio.on('disconnect', namespace='/test')
def mtest_disconnect():
print('Client disconnected', request.sid)
if __name__ == '__main__':
socketio.run(app, debug=True)
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前端代码：
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Flask-SocketIO Test</title>
<script src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.min.js" integrity="sha256-ZosEbRLbNQzLpnKIkEdrPv7lOy9C27hHQ+Xp8a4MxAQ=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/2.2.0/socket.io.js" integrity="sha256-yr4fRk/GU1ehYJPAs8P4JlTgu0Hdsp4ZKrx8bDEDC3I=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">
$(document).ready(function() {
// Use a "/test" namespace.
// An application can open a connection on multiple namespaces, and
// Socket.IO will multiplex all those connections on a single
// physical channel. If you don't care about multiple channels, you
// can set the namespace to an empty string.
namespace = '/test';
// Connect to the Socket.IO server.
// The connection URL has the following format, relative to the current page:
// http[s]://<domain>:<port>[/<namespace>]
var socket = io(namespace);
// Event handler for new connections.
// The callback function is invoked when a connection with the
// server is established.
socket.on('connect', function() {
socket.emit('my_event', {data: 'I\'m connected!'});
});
// Event handler for server sent data.
// The callback function is invoked whenever the server emits data
// to the client. The data is then displayed in the "Received"
// section of the page.
socket.on('my_response', function(msg, cb) {
$('#log').append('<br>' + $('<div/>').text('Received #' + msg.count + ': ' + msg.data).html());
if (cb)
cb();
});
// Interval function that tests message latency by sending a "ping"
// message. The server then responds with a "pong" message and the
// round trip time is measured.
var ping_pong_times = [];
var start_time;
window.setInterval(function() {
start_time = (new Date).getTime();
socket.emit('my_ping');
}, 10000);
// Handler for the "pong" message. When the pong is received, the
// time from the ping is stored, and the average of the last 30
// samples is average and displayed.
socket.on('my_pong', function() {
var latency = (new Date).getTime() - start_time;
ping_pong_times.push(latency);
ping_pong_times = ping_pong_times.slice(-30); // keep last 30 samples
var sum = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < ping_pong_times.length; i++)
sum += ping_pong_times[i];
$('#ping-pong').text(Math.round(10 * sum / ping_pong_times.length) / 10);
});
// Handlers for the different forms in the page.
// These accept data from the user and send it to the server in a
// variety of ways
$('form#emit').submit(function(event) {
socket.emit('my_event', {data: $('#emit_data').val()});
return false;
});
$('form#broadcast').submit(function(event) {
socket.emit('my_broadcast_event', {data: $('#broadcast_data').val()});
return false;
});
$('form#join').submit(function(event) {
socket.emit('join', {room: $('#join_room').val()});
return false;
});
$('form#leave').submit(function(event) {
socket.emit('leave', {room: $('#leave_room').val()});
return false;
});
$('form#send_room').submit(function(event) {
socket.emit('my_room_event', {room: $('#room_name').val(), data: $('#room_data').val()});
return false;
});
$('form#close').submit(function(event) {
socket.emit('close_room', {room: $('#close_room').val()});
return false;
});
$('form#disconnect').submit(function(event) {
socket.emit('disconnect_request');
return false;
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Flask-SocketIO Test</h1>
<p>Async mode is: <b>{{ async_mode }}</b></p>
<p>Average ping/pong latency: <b><span id="ping-pong"></span>ms</b></p>
<h2>Send:</h2>
<form id="emit" method="POST" action='#'>
<input type="text" name="emit_data" id="emit_data" placeholder="Message">
<input type="submit" value="Echo">
</form>
<form id="broadcast" method="POST" action='#'>
<input type="text" name="broadcast_data" id="broadcast_data" placeholder="Message">
<input type="submit" value="Broadcast">
</form>
<form id="join" method="POST" action='#'>
<input type="text" name="join_room" id="join_room" placeholder="Room Name">
<input type="submit" value="Join Room">
</form>
<form id="leave" method="POST" action='#'>
<input type="text" name="leave_room" id="leave_room" placeholder="Room Name">
<input type="submit" value="Leave Room">
</form>
<form id="send_room" method="POST" action='#'>
<input type="text" name="room_name" id="room_name" placeholder="Room Name">
<input type="text" name="room_data" id="room_data" placeholder="Message">
<input type="submit" value="Send to Room">
</form>
<form id="close" method="POST" action="#">
<input type="text" name="close_room" id="close_room" placeholder="Room Name">
<input type="submit" value="Close Room">
</form>
<form id="disconnect" method="POST" action="#">
<input type="submit" value="Disconnect">
</form>
<h2>Receive:</h2>
<div id="log"></div>
</body>
</html>
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以上可直接使用，注意后端调用前端主页时，修改一下index.html路径即可
参考：
https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/Flask-SocketIO
转载于:https://www.jianshu.com/p/0032daa111a0