Monitor模式是一种常见的并行开发机制, 一个Monitor实例可以被多个线程安全使用, 所有的monitor下面的方法在运行时是互斥的, 这种互斥机制机制可以用于一些特性, 例如让线程等待某种条件, 在等待时线程会将CPU时间交出去, 但是在条件满足时确保重新获得CPU时间. 在条件达成时, 你可以同时通知一个或多个线程. 这样做有以下的优点:
- 所有的同步代码都集中在一起, 用户不需要知道这是如何实现的
- 代码不依赖于线程数量, 线程数量只取决于业务需要
- 不需要对某个互斥对象做释放, 不存在忘记的风险
一个Monitor的结构是这样的
public class SimpleMonitor { public method void testA(){ //Some code } public method int testB(){ return 1; } }
使用Java代码不能直接创建一个Monitor, 要实现Monitor, 需要使用Lock和Condition类. 一般使用的Lock是ReentrantLock, 例如
public class SimpleMonitor { private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); public void testA() { lock.lock(); try { //Some code } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public int testB() { lock.lock(); try { return 1; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } }
如果不需要判断条件, 那么用synchronized就可以了. 在需要判断条件的情况下, 使用Lock的newCondition()方法创建Condition, 可以通过Condition的await方法, 让当前线程wait, 放弃cpu时间. 然后用signal或者signalAll方法让线程重新获得CPU时间. signalAll方法会唤起所有wait在当前condition的线程. 下面是一个例子, 一个需要被多个线程使用的容量固定的buffer.
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; public class BoundedBuffer { private final String[] buffer; private final int capacity; private int front; private int rear; private int count; private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); private final Condition notFull = lock.newCondition(); private final Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition(); public BoundedBuffer(int capacity) { super(); this.capacity = capacity; buffer = new String[capacity]; } public void deposit(String data) throws InterruptedException { lock.lock(); try { while (count == capacity) { notFull.await(); } buffer[rear] = data; rear = (rear + 1) % capacity; count++; notEmpty.signal(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } public String fetch() throws InterruptedException { lock.lock(); try { while (count == 0) { notEmpty.await(); } String result = buffer[front]; front = (front + 1) % capacity; count--; notFull.signal(); return result; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } }
代码说明
- 这两个方法通过lock互斥
- 然后通过两个condition变量, 一个用于在buffer非空时等待, 一个用于buffer未满时等待
- 上面使用while循环将await包围, 这是为了防止在使用Signal&Condition时产生signal stealers问题.
- 以上方法可以安全地在多个线程中被调用
还有一个例子, 用于协调多个线程按固定顺序进行输出
public class DemoLockCondition { private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); private final Condition one = lock.newCondition(); private final Condition two = lock.newCondition(); private final Condition three = lock.newCondition(); public void action1() { while (true) { lock.lock(); System.out.println("1"); try { two.signal(); one.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } } public void action2() { while (true) { lock.lock(); System.out.println("2"); try { three.signal(); two.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } } public void action3() { while (true) { lock.lock(); System.out.println("3"); try { one.signal(); three.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } } public static void main(String[] args) { DemoLockCondition demo = new DemoLockCondition(); new Thread(()->demo.action1()).start(); new Thread(()-> demo.action2()).start(); new Thread(()-> demo.action3()).start(); } }