DelayQueue 内部通过组合PriorityQueue 来实现存储和维护元素顺序的，通过compareTo方法，排序存储，小的在前面。每次插入元素，都可能移动元素
DelayQueue 存储元素必须实现Delayed 接口，通过实现Delayed 接口，可以获取到元素延迟时间，以及可以比较元素大小（Delayed 继承Comparable）
DelayQueue 通过一个可重入锁来控制元素的入队出队行为
DelayQueue 中leader 标识 用于减少线程的竞争，表示当前有其它线程正在获取队头元素。
PriorityQueue 只是负责存储数据以及维护元素的顺序，对于延迟时间取数据则是在DelayQueue 中进行判断控制的。
DelayQueue 没有实现序列化接口
和时间轮算法区别
之所以要用到PriorityQueue，主要是需要排序。也许后插入的消息需要比队列中的其他消息提前触发，那么这个后插入的消息就需要最先被消费者获取，这就需要排序功能。PriorityQueue内部使用最小堆来实现排序队列。队首的，最先被消费者拿到的就是最小的那个。使用最小堆让队列在数据量较大的时候比较有优势。使用最小堆来实现优先级队列主要是因为最小堆在插入和获取时，时间复杂度相对都比较好，都是O(logN)
时间轮是一种非常惊艳的数据结构。其在Linux内核中使用广泛，是Linux内核定时器的实现方法和基础之一。按使用场景，大致可以分为两种时间轮：原始时间轮和分层时间轮。分层时间轮是原始时间轮的升级版本，来应对时间“槽”数量比较大的情况，对内存和精度都有很高要求的情况。我们延迟任务的场景一般只需要用到原始时间轮就可以了。
原始时间轮：如下图一个轮子，有8个“槽”，可以代表未来的一个时间。如果以秒为单位，中间的指针每隔一秒钟转动到新的“槽”上面，就好像手表一样。如果当前指针指在1上面，我有一个任务需要4秒以后执行，那么这个执行的线程回调或者消息将会被放在5上。那如果需要在20秒之后执行怎么办，由于这个环形结构槽数只到8，如果要20秒，指针需要多转2圈。位置是在2圈之后的5上面（20 % 8 + 1）。这个圈数需要记录在槽中的数据结构里面。这个数据结构最重要的是两个指针，一个是触发任务的函数指针，另外一个是触发的总第几圈数。时间轮可以用简单的数组或者是环形链表来实现。
相比DelayQueue的数据结构，时间轮在算法复杂度上有一定优势。DelayQueue由于涉及到排序，需要调堆，插入和移除的复杂度是O(lgn)，而时间轮在插入和移除的复杂度都是O(1)。
使用
消息消费时间不一定是制定的时间，例如下面
@Data
public class Message implements Delayed {
private int id;
private String body; // 消息内容
private long excuteTime;// 延迟时长，这个是必须的属性因为要按照这个判断延时时长。
public Message(int id, String body, long delayTime) {
this.id = id;
this.body = body;
this.excuteTime = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.convert(delayTime, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) + System.nanoTime();
}
@Override
public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {
return unit.convert(excuteTime - System.nanoTime(), TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Delayed o) {
Message msg = (Message) o;
return this.id > msg.id ? 1
: this.id < msg.id ? -1 : 0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
// 创建延时队列
DelayQueue<Message> queue = new DelayQueue<>();
// 添加延时消息,m1 延时3s
Message m1 = new Message(3, "world", 2000);
// 添加延时消息,m2 延时10s
Message m2 = new Message(2, "hello", 4000);
//将延时消息放到延时队列中
queue.offer(m2);
queue.offer(m1);
System.out.println("消息入队 " + new Date());
System.out.println("消费消息：" + queue.take() + " " + new Date());
System.out.println("消费消息：" + queue.take() + " " + new Date());
}
}
消息入队 Tue Apr 30 16:07:52 CST 2019
消费消息：Message(id=2, body=hello, excuteTime=5580123695174) Tue Apr 30 16:07:56 CST 2019
消费消息：Message(id=3, body=world, excuteTime=5578123690265) Tue Apr 30 16:07:56 CST 2019
消息实现Delay接口
public interface Delayed extends Comparable<Delayed> {
/**
* Returns the remaining delay associated with this object, in the
* given time unit.
*
* @param unit the time unit
* @return the remaining delay; zero or negative values indicate
* that the delay has already elapsed
*/
long getDelay(TimeUnit unit);
}
public interface Comparable<T> {
public int compareTo(T o);
}
DelayQueue构造器
public class DelayQueue<E extends Delayed> extends AbstractQueue<E>
implements BlockingQueue<E> {
private final transient ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private final PriorityQueue<E> q = new PriorityQueue<E>();
/**
* Thread designated to wait for the element at the head of
* the queue. This variant of the Leader-Follower pattern
* (http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/POSA/POSA2/) serves to
* minimize unnecessary timed waiting. When a thread becomes
* the leader, it waits only for the next delay to elapse, but
* other threads await indefinitely. The leader thread must
* signal some other thread before returning from take() or
* poll(...), unless some other thread becomes leader in the
* interim. Whenever the head of the queue is replaced with
* an element with an earlier expiration time, the leader
* field is invalidated by being reset to null, and some
* waiting thread, but not necessarily the current leader, is
* signalled. So waiting threads must be prepared to acquire
* and lose leadership while waiting.
*/
private Thread leader = null;
/**
* Condition signalled when a newer element becomes available
* at the head of the queue or a new thread may need to
* become leader.
*/
private final Condition available = lock.newCondition();
/**
* Creates a new {@code DelayQueue} that is initially empty.
*/
public DelayQueue() {}
使用PriorityQueue存储，默认容量11
private static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 11;
public PriorityQueue() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, null);
}
存储元素
/**
* Inserts the specified element into this delay queue.
*
* @param e the element to add
* @return {@code true}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean offer(E e) {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
q.offer(e);
if (q.peek() == e) {
leader = null;
available.signal();
}
return true;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
PriorityQueue添加元素，不能为null
/**
* Inserts the specified element into this priority queue.
*
* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
* @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be
* compared with elements currently in this priority queue
* according to the priority queue's ordering
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean offer(E e) {
if (e == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
modCount++;
int i = size;
if (i >= queue.length)
grow(i + 1);
size = i + 1;
if (i == 0)
queue[0] = e;
else
siftUp(i, e);
return true;
}
第一个元素，queue[0] = e;结束
第二个元素，siftUp(i, e);
/**
* Inserts item x at position k, maintaining heap invariant by
* promoting x up the tree until it is greater than or equal to
* its parent, or is the root.
*
* To simplify and speed up coercions and comparisons. the
* Comparable and Comparator versions are separated into different
* methods that are otherwise identical. (Similarly for siftDown.)
*
* @param k the position to fill
* @param x the item to insert
*/
private void siftUp(int k, E x) {
if (comparator != null)
siftUpUsingComparator(k, x);
else
siftUpComparable(k, x);
}
因为消息实现Comparable接口，comparator =null
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void siftUpComparable(int k, E x) {
Comparable<? super E> key = (Comparable<? super E>) x;
while (k > 0) {
int parent = (k - 1) >>> 1;//二叉树，孩子索引求父亲索引
Object e = queue[parent];
if (key.compareTo((E) e) >= 0)
break;
queue[k] = e;
k = parent;
}
queue[k] = key;
}
因为第二个元素排序大，所以break;退出循环，直接后面添加元素
如果第二个元素排序小，就会和第一个互换位置
PriorityQueue获取头元素，如果没有，返回null
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E peek() {
return (size == 0) ? null : (E) queue[0];
}
取出元素
/**
* Retrieves and removes the head of this queue, waiting if necessary
* until an element with an expired delay is available on this queue.
*
* @return the head of this queue
* @throws InterruptedException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
for (;;) {
E first = q.peek();
if (first == null)
available.await();//如果头结点为null，挂起线程
else {
long delay = first.getDelay(NANOSECONDS);
if (delay <= 0)
return q.poll();
first = null; // don't retain ref while waiting
if (leader != null)
available.await();
else {
Thread thisThread = Thread.currentThread();
leader = thisThread;
try {
available.awaitNanos(delay);
} finally {
if (leader == thisThread)
leader = null;
}
}
}
}
} finally {
if (leader == null && q.peek() != null)
available.signal();
lock.unlock();
}
}
PriorityQueue-poll获取并删除第一个元素
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E poll() {
if (size == 0)
return null;
int s = --size;
modCount++;
E result = (E) queue[0];
E x = (E) queue[s];
queue[s] = null;
if (s != 0)
siftDown(0, x);
return result;
}
如果原来有两个以上元素，需要移动元素，把第二个元素移到第一个
/**
* Inserts item x at position k, maintaining heap invariant by
* demoting x down the tree repeatedly until it is less than or
* equal to its children or is a leaf.
*
* @param k the position to fill
* @param x the item to insert
*/
private void siftDown(int k, E x) {
if (comparator != null)
siftDownUsingComparator(k, x);
else
siftDownComparable(k, x);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void siftDownComparable(int k, E x) {
Comparable<? super E> key = (Comparable<? super E>)x;
int half = size >>> 1; // loop while a non-leaf
while (k < half) {
int child = (k << 1) + 1; // assume left child is least
Object c = queue[child];
int right = child + 1;
if (right < size &&
((Comparable<? super E>) c).compareTo((E) queue[right]) > 0)
c = queue[child = right];
if (key.compareTo((E) c) <= 0)
break;
queue[k] = c;
k = child;
}
queue[k] = key;
}