目录
Linux文件结构及功能
ls -a /
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Mar 31 11:25 .autofsck
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Dec 2 10:27 bin
dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 1024 Nov 29 21:42 boot
drwx------. 3 root root 4096 Nov 29 21:42 .dbus
drwxr-xr-x. 21 root root 3860 Mar 31 11:25 dev
drwxr-xr-x. 118 root root 12288 Mar 31 12:25 etc
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Mar 31 12:24 .gnupg
drwxr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 Mar 31 12:09 home
dr-xr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 Dec 1 10:59 lib
dr-xr-xr-x. 9 root root 12288 Mar 31 12:25 lib64
drwx------. 2 root root 16384 Nov 29 20:56 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Mar 27 20:28 media
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Mar 31 11:25 misc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 mnt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Mar 31 11:25 net
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Dec 1 15:44 opt
dr-xr-xr-x. 185 root root 0 Mar 31 2019 proc
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Nov 29 21:48 .pulse
-rw-------. 1 root root 256 Nov 29 21:48 .pulse-cookie
dr-xr-x---. 39 root root 4096 Mar 31 11:48 root
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 12288 Dec 2 10:27 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 0 Mar 31 2019 selinux
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 0 Mar 31 2019 sys
drwxrwxrwt. 16 root root 4096 Mar 31 12:24 tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 14 root root 4096 Dec 3 21:13 usr
drwxr-xr-x. 22 root root 4096 Nov 29 21:14 var
对这些目录的解释
(http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1580835752353077411&wfr=spider&for=pc)：
/bin：
bin是Binary的缩写, 这个目录存放着最经常使用的命令。
/boot：
这里存放的是启动Linux时使用的一些核心文件，包括一些连接文件以及镜像文件。
/dev ：
dev是Device(设备)的缩写, 该目录下存放的是Linux的外部设备，在Linux中访问设备的方式和访问文件的方式是相同的。
/etc：
这个目录用来存放所有的系统管理所需要的配置文件和子目录。
/home：
用户的主目录，在Linux中，每个用户都有一个自己的目录，一般该目录名是以用户的账号命名的。
/lib：
这个目录里存放着系统最基本的动态连接共享库，其作用类似于Windows里的DLL文件。几乎所有的应用程序都需要用到这些共享库。
/lost+found：
这个目录一般情况下是空的，当系统非法关机后，这里就存放了一些文件。
/media：
linux系统会自动识别一些设备，例如U盘、光驱等等，当识别后，linux会把识别的设备挂载到这个目录下。
/mnt：
系统提供该目录是为了让用户临时挂载别的文件系统的，我们可以将光驱挂载在/mnt/上，然后进入该目录就可以查看光驱里的内容了。
/opt：
这是给主机额外安装软件所摆放的目录。比如你安装一个ORACLE数据库则就可以放到这个目录下。默认是空的。
/proc：
这个目录是一个虚拟的目录，它是系统内存的映射，我们可以通过直接访问这个目录来获取系统信息。
这个目录的内容不在硬盘上而是在内存里，我们也可以直接修改里面的某些文件，比如可以通过下面的命令来屏蔽主机的ping命令，使别人无法ping你的机器：
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
/root：
该目录为系统管理员，也称作超级权限者的用户主目录。
/sbin：
s就是Super User的意思，这里存放的是系统管理员使用的系统管理程序。
/selinux：
这个目录是Redhat/CentOS所特有的目录，Selinux是一个安全机制，类似于windows的防火墙，但是这套机制比较复杂，这个目录就是存放selinux相关的文件的。
/srv：
该目录存放一些服务启动之后需要提取的数据。
/sys：
这是linux2.6内核的一个很大的变化。该目录下安装了2.6内核中新出现的一个文件系统 sysfs 。
sysfs文件系统集成了下面3种文件系统的信息：针对进程信息的proc文件系统、针对设备的devfs文件系统以及针对伪终端的devpts文件系统。
该文件系统是内核设备树的一个直观反映。
当一个内核对象被创建的时候，对应的文件和目录也在内核对象子系统中被创建。
/tmp：
这个目录是用来存放一些临时文件的。
/usr：
这是一个非常重要的目录，用户的很多应用程序和文件都放在这个目录下，类似与windows下的program files目录。
/usr/bin：
系统用户使用的应用程序。
/usr/sbin：
超级用户使用的比较高级的管理程序和系统守护程序。
/usr/src：内核源代码默认的放置目录。
/var：
这个目录中存放着在不断扩充着的东西，我们习惯将那些经常被修改的目录放在这个目录下。包括各种日志文件。
在linux系统中，有几个目录是比较重要的，平时需要注意不要误删除或者随意更改内部文件。
/etc： 上边也提到了，这个是系统中的配置文件，如果你更改了该目录下的某个文件可能会导致系统不能启动。
/bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin: 这是系统预设的执行文件的放置目录，比如 ls 就是在/bin/ls 目录下的。
值得提出的是，/bin, /usr/bin 是给系统用户使用的指令（除root外的通用户），而/sbin, /usr/sbin 则是给root使用的指令。
/var： 这是一个非常重要的目录，系统上跑了很多程序，那么每个程序都会有相应的日志产生，而这些日志就被记录到这个目录下，具体在/var/log 目录下，另外mail的预设放置也是在这里
文件夹创建
mkdir 命令
help' for more information.
[root@com /]# mkdir --help
Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask
-p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
-v, --verbose print a message for each created directory
-Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created
directory to CTX
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
创建目录: mkdir /usr/toolsInstall
创建父目录不存在的情况: mkdir -p /usr/dev/devWorkSpace
文件夹查看
ls命令
ls 命令使用
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always'
or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files.
augment with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
SELinux options:
--lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines
will probably be too wide for most displays.
-Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most
displays. Displays only mode, user, group,
security context and file name.
--scontext Display only security context and file name.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
ll /usr/
展示详细信息（我最喜欢用）
[root@com dataDir]# ll /usr/
total 220
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 69632 Dec 17 23:20 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 games
drwxr-xr-x. 139 root root 12288 Dec 17 01:51 include
dr-xr-xr-x. 29 root root 4096 Dec 13 06:11 lib
dr-xr-xr-x. 112 root root 69632 Dec 17 01:52 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 20 root root 12288 Dec 17 01:52 libexec
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 Mar 17 17:02 local
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 943 Dec 13 06:33 my.cnf
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 12288 Dec 17 23:20 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 197 root root 12288 Dec 17 01:52 share
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Dec 13 00:39 src
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Dec 13 00:39 tmp -> ../var/tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Dec 18 05:12 toolsLindPath
ll –a -S /usr/
-a显示隐藏文件
-S 指定所有占用空间的大小排序
[root@com dataDir]# ll -a -S /usr/
total 228
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 69632 Dec 17 23:20 bin
dr-xr-xr-x. 112 root root 69632 Dec 17 01:52 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 139 root root 12288 Dec 17 01:51 include
drwxr-xr-x. 20 root root 12288 Dec 17 01:52 libexec
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 12288 Dec 17 23:20 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 197 root root 12288 Dec 17 01:52 share
drwxr-xr-x. 14 root root 4096 Dec 13 06:33 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 26 root root 4096 Mar 30 20:27 ..
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 games
dr-xr-xr-x. 29 root root 4096 Dec 13 06:11 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 Mar 17 17:02 local
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Dec 13 00:39 src
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Dec 18 05:12 toolsLindPath
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 943 Dec 13 06:33 my.cnf
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Dec 13 00:39 tmp -> ../var/tmp
切换文件夹
cd /dir #进入文件夹
cd .. #返回上级文件夹
cd #进入用户主目录
删除文件夹
rmdir #删除空文件夹
rm /dir # 删除指定文件夹 会有删除确认提升
rm -rf /dir #强制删除文件夹（谨慎使用，生成系统最好禁止该命令）
拷贝文件
cp
-a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
--copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive
-d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
-f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be
opened, remove it and try again (redundant if
the -n option is used)
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n
option)
-H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE
-l, --link link files instead of copying
-L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides
a previous -i option)
-P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps
--preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default:
mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible
additional attributes: context, links, xattr,
all
-c same as --preserve=context
--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes
--parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY
-R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively
--reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below.
--remove-destination remove each existing destination file before
attempting to open it (contrast with --force)
--sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below.
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
-x, --one-file-system stay on this file system
-Z, --context=CONTEXT set security context of copy to CONTEXT
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
eg: cd /test.txt /usr/
-v 显示执行命令过程
-r 负责目录下所有目录文件（包括子目录）
服务器间拷贝文件
scp
本地拷贝到其他服务器
scp /usr/local/test.txt [email protected]:/opt
scp -R /usr/local/mydata [email protected]:/usr
-R 负责目录下所有文件包括子目录
从其他服务器拷贝到本地
scp -r [email protected]:/dataDir/es/log ./
创建文件
couch /usr/test.txt #创建文件
vi fileName
vim fileName
查看文件
cat filename
移动文件或者修改文件名称
mv filename /filePath
mv filename filename2
查看文件夹路径
pwd #查看文件夹路径
搜索文件
locate fileName
如果没有此命令使用
yum -y install mlocate #安装
搜索文件总内容
grep #搜索特定字符串来显示。
grep start* project57.log
[2019-03-30T03:06:30,706][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] starting ...
[2019-03-30T03:06:34,431][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] started
[2019-03-30T03:06:35,787][INFO ][o.e.c.r.a.AllocationService] [es_1] Cluster health status changed from [RED] to [GREEN] (reason: [shards started [[packets-2019-03-21][0], [packets-2019-03-21][6]] ...]).
参数说明
重导命令
将某命令结果输出到文件中。
> 将结果输出到文件中，并将原有内容覆盖
>> 将结果追加到文件中
grep -i start* project57.log > sucess.txt
[root@com log]# ll
total 16
-rw-rw-r-- 1 es es 3349 Mar 26 04:44 project57-2019-03-26.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 es es 268 Mar 30 03:06 project57_deprecation.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 es es 0 Mar 26 03:00 project57_index_indexing_slowlog.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 es es 0 Mar 26 03:00 project57_index_search_slowlog.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 es es 3066 Mar 30 03:06 project57.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 359 Mar 30 22:33 sucess.txt
[root@com log]# cat sucess.txt
[2019-03-30T03:06:30,706][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] starting ...
[2019-03-30T03:06:34,431][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] started
[2019-03-30T03:06:35,787][INFO ][o.e.c.r.a.AllocationService] [es_1] Cluster health status changed from [RED] to [GREEN] (reason: [shards started [[packets-2019-03-21][0], [packets-2019-03-21][6]] ...]).
覆盖结果：
grep -i Warn* project57_deprecation.log >sucess.txt
[root@com log]# cat sucess.txt
[2019-03-26T03:00:22,032][WARN ][o.e.d.s.g.GroovyScriptEngineService] [groovy] scripts are deprecated, use [painless] scripts instead
[2019-03-30T03:06:25,845][WARN ][o.e.d.s.g.GroovyScriptEngineService] [groovy] scripts are deprecated, use [painless] scripts instead
追加结果
grep -i start* project57.log >> sucess.txt
[root@com log]# cat sucess.txt
[2019-03-26T03:00:22,032][WARN ][o.e.d.s.g.GroovyScriptEngineService] [groovy] scripts are deprecated, use [painless] scripts instead
[2019-03-30T03:06:25,845][WARN ][o.e.d.s.g.GroovyScriptEngineService] [groovy] scripts are deprecated, use [painless] scripts instead
[2019-03-30T03:06:30,706][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] starting ...
[2019-03-30T03:06:34,431][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] started
[2019-03-30T03:06:35,787][INFO ][o.e.c.r.a.AllocationService] [es_1] Cluster health status changed from [RED] to [GREEN] (reason: [shards started [[packets-2019-03-21][0], [packets-2019-03-21][6]] ...]).
管道命令
管道命令（pipe）’|’ ，将结果输给另外一个命令
ll -a | grep project57.log >> sucess.txt
[root@com log]# cat sucess.txt
[2019-03-26T03:00:22,032][WARN ][o.e.d.s.g.GroovyScriptEngineService] [groovy] scripts are deprecated, use [painless] scripts instead
[2019-03-30T03:06:25,845][WARN ][o.e.d.s.g.GroovyScriptEngineService] [groovy] scripts are deprecated, use [painless] scripts instead
[2019-03-30T03:06:30,706][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] starting ...
[2019-03-30T03:06:34,431][INFO ][o.e.n.Node ] [es_1] started
[2019-03-30T03:06:35,787][INFO ][o.e.c.r.a.AllocationService] [es_1] Cluster health status changed from [RED] to [GREEN] (reason: [shards started [[packets-2019-03-21][0], [packets-2019-03-21][6]] ...]).
-rw-rw-r-- 1 es es 3066 Mar 30 03:06 project57.log