SQLServer 数据加密解密：常用的加密解密

都是基本示例，更多参考官方文档：

1. Transact-SQL 函数
2. 数据库密钥
3. 证书
4. 非对称密钥
5. 对称密钥

--   drop table EnryptTest
create table EnryptTest
(
   id int not null primary key,
   EnryptData nvarchar(20),
)

insert into EnryptTest
values(1,N'888888'),(2,N'888888'),(3,N'123456'),(4,N'A');

select * from EnryptTest;

【Transact-SQL 函数加密】

/***********************************【Transact-SQL 函数加密】********************************/
--   使用 TRIPLE DES 算法（128 密钥位长度）的通行短语加密数据。

--   添加测试列
alter table EnryptTest add PassPhrase varbinary(256)
alter table EnryptTest add PassPhrase2 varbinary(256)--用于验证器验证

--   加密(EncryptByPassPhrase)
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms190357%28v=sql.105%29.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396
update EnryptTest set PassPhrase = EncryptByPassPhrase('Hello.kk',EnryptData)
go

update EnryptTest
set PassPhrase2 = EncryptByPassPhrase
   (
   'Hello.kk'           --用于生成对称密钥的通行短语
   , EnryptData           --要加密的明文
   , 1                       --指示是否将验证器与明文一起加密。如果将添加验证器，则为 1
   , convert(varbinary,id)   --用于派生验证器的数据(如主键)
   )
go

--   解密(DecryptByPassPhrase)
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms188910%28v=sql.105%29.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396

select convert(nvarchar,DecryptByPassphrase('Hello.kk',PassPhrase)) from EnryptTest;
go

select convert(nvarchar,DecryptByPassphrase(
   'Hello.kk'   --生成解密密钥的通行短语
   , PassPhrase2   --要解密的加密文本varbinary
   , 1               --添加验证器
   , convert(varbinary,id)))--验证器为主键
from EnryptTest;
go

--附：未用验证器的，数据并不安全
--如：把所有id的密码都改为与A一样，其他密码的解密与A一样，别人就有可能登录其他账号
update EnryptTest set PassPhrase = (select PassPhrase from EnryptTest where id=4)
go
select id,EnryptData,convert(nvarchar,DecryptByPassphrase('Hello.kk',PassPhrase))
from EnryptTest;

--   删除测试列
alter table EnryptTest drop column PassPhrase
alter table EnryptTest drop column PassPhrase2
go

DECLARE @ENPWD VARBINARY(MAX)
DECLARE @DEPWD NVARCHAR(100)
DECLARE @ENSTR NVARCHAR(100)
SET @ENSTR = 'hello.KK' --加密密码
--加密
SELECT @ENPWD = ENCRYPTBYPASSPHRASE( @ENSTR, N'13500000000')
SELECT @ENPWD
--解密
SELECT @DEPWD =CAST( DECRYPTBYPASSPHRASE(@ENSTR,@ENPWD) AS NVARCHAR(MAX))
SELECT @DEPWD
go

【数据库主密钥】

/***************************************【数据库主密钥】***********************************/

select * from sys.key_encryptions
select * from sys.crypt_properties

--   创建数据库主密钥
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms174382(v=sql.105).aspx
create master key encryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey' --必须符合Windows密码策略要求
go

--   打开当前数据库的数据库主密钥
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms186336(v=sql.105).aspx
open master key decryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey'
go

--   更改数据库主密钥的属性
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms186937(v=sql.105).aspx
alter master key regenerate with encryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey'

alter master key add encryption by password = N'Hello@kk'
alter master key drop encryption by password = N'Hello@kk'

alter master key add encryption by service master key
alter master key drop encryption by service master key

--   导出数据库主密钥
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms174387(v=sql.105).aspx
backup master key
to file = N'D:\XXDB_MasterKey'
encryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey'
go

--   从备份文件中导入数据库主密钥
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms186336(v=sql.105).aspx
restore master key
   from file = N'D:\XXDB_MasterKey'
decryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey'
encryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey' --New Password
go

--   从当前数据库中删除主密钥
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms180071(v=sql.105).aspx
drop master key
go

【证书】

/*****************************************【证书】*************************************/
--   证书和非对称密钥使用数据库级的内部公钥加密数据，并且使用数据库级内部私钥解密数据
--   当使用数据库主密钥对私钥进行加密时，不需要 ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD 选项。私钥使用数据库主密钥进行加密
--（有点难理解，最后给出例子）

select * from sys.key_encryptions
select * from sys.crypt_properties
select * from sys.certificates

select * from EnryptTest

--   添加测试列
alter table EnryptTest add CertificateCol varbinary(max)
go

--   创建证书
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms187798%28v=sql.105%29.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396
create certificate Mycertificate
encryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate'   --加密密码
with subject = N'EnryptData certificate',       --证书描述
start_date = N'20150401',   --证书生效日
expiry_date = N'20160401';   --证书到期日
go

--   使用证书的公钥加密数据
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms188061(v=sql.105).aspx
update EnryptTest
set CertificateCol = EncryptByCert(CERT_ID('Mycertificate'),CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX),EnryptData))
go

--   用证书的私钥解密数据
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms178601(v=sql.105).aspx
select *,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX ),DECRYPTBYCERT(CERT_ID('Mycertificate'),CertificateCol,N'Hello@Mycertificate'))
from EnryptTest;
go

--   修改私钥密码
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms189511(v=sql.105).aspx
alter certificate mycertificate
with private key (
   decryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate',
   encryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate')
go

--   从证书中删除私钥
alter certificate mycertificate remove private key
go

--   备份证书
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms178578(v=sql.105).aspx
backup certificate mycertificate
to file = N'D:\mycertificate.cer' --用于加密的证书备份路径
with private key (
   file = N'D:\mycertificate_saleskey.pvk' , --用于解密证书私钥文件路径
   decryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate' ,--对私钥进行解密的密码
   encryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate' );--对私钥进行加密的密码
go

--   创建/还原证书
create certificate mycertificate
from file = N'D:\mycertificate.cer'
with private key (
file = N'D:\mycertificate_saleskey.pvk',
decryption by password = 'Hello@Mycertificate');
go

--   删除对称密钥
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms182698(v=sql.105).aspx
drop certificate Mycertificate;
go

--   删除测试列
alter table EnryptTest drop column CertificateCol;
go

【非对称密钥】

/***************************************【非对称密钥】*************************************/
--   默认情况下，私钥受数据库主密钥保护

select * from sys.key_encryptions
select * from sys.crypt_properties
select * from sys.certificates
select * from sys.asymmetric_keys
select * from sys.openkeys

select * from EnryptTest

--   添加测试列
alter table EnryptTest add AsymmetricCol varbinary(max)
go

--   创建非对称密钥
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms174430(v=sql.105).aspx
create asymmetric key MyAsymmetric
with
   algorithm=rsa_512
   encryption by password='Hello@MyAsymmetric';
go

--   加密（EncryptByAsymKey）
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/ZH-CN/library/ms186950(v=sql.105).aspx
update EnryptTest
set AsymmetricCol = EncryptByAsymKey(asymkey_id ('MyAsymmetric'),convert(varchar(max ),EnryptData))
go

--   解密（DecryptByAsymKey）
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/ZH-CN/library/ms189507(v=sql.105).aspx
select *,convert(varchar(max),DecryptByAsymKey(asymkey_id('MyAsymmetric'),AsymmetricCol,N'Hello@MyAsymmetric'))
from EnryptTest
go

--   更改非对称密钥属性
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms187311(v=sql.105).aspx

--   更改私钥密码
alter asymmetric key MyAsymmetric
with private key (
decryption by password = N'Hello@MyAsymmetric',--原私钥密码
encryption by password = N'Hello@MyAsymmetric');--新私钥密码
go

--   删除私钥,只保留公钥
--   如果将非对称密钥映射到 EKM 设备上的可扩展密钥管理 (EKM) 密钥并且未指定 REMOVE PROVIDER KEY 选项，
--   则会从数据库中删除该密钥，但不会从设备上删除它。这时会发出一条警告。
alter asymmetric key MyAsymmetric remove private key;
go

--   删除非对称密钥
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/ZH-CN/library/ms188389(v=sql.105).aspx
drop symmetric key MyAsymmetric ;
go

--   删除测试列
alter table EnryptTest drop column AsymmetricCol
go

【对称密钥】

/***************************************【对称密钥】*************************************/
--   也称为单密钥加密,采用单钥密码系统的加密方法，同一个密钥可以同时用作信息的加密和解密.
--   非对称密钥消耗多些系统性能，一般使用对称密钥加密数据，使用非对称密钥保护对称密钥

select * from sys.key_encryptions
select * from sys.crypt_properties
select * from sys.certificates
select * from sys.asymmetric_keys
select * from sys.openkeys
select * from sys.symmetric_keys

select * from EnryptTest

--   添加测试列
alter table EnryptTest add SymmetricCol varbinary(max)
go

--   创建对称密钥
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms188357(v=sql.105).aspx
create symmetric key MySymmetric   --以密码加密的对称密钥
with
   algorithm=aes_128
   encryption by password='Hello@MySymmetric';
go
create symmetric key MySymmetric   --以非对称密钥加密的对称密钥
with
   algorithm=aes_128
   encryption by asymmetric key MyAsymmetric
go

--   打开对称密钥(打开才能有效使用加密解密函数)
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms190499(v=sql.105).aspx
open symmetric key MySymmetric decryption by password='Hello@MySymmetric';
go
open symmetric key MySymmetric decryption by asymmetric key MyAsymmetric with password='Hello@MyAsymmetric';
go

--   加密数据
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms174361%28v=sql.105%29.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396
update EnryptTest set SymmetricCol = encryptbykey(key_guid('MySymmetric'),convert(varchar(max),EnryptData))
go

--   解密数据
--   https://technet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms181860(v=sql.105).aspx
select *,convert(varchar(max ) ,convert (varchar(max ),decryptbykey(SymmetricCol)))
from EnryptTest
go

--   关闭对称密钥，或关闭在当前会话中打开的所有对称密钥
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms177938%28v=sql.105%29.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396
--   close all symmetric keys;
close symmetric key MySymmetric;
go

--   alter symmetric 添加或删除新的加密方式(如添加多多个密码，任何一个密码都可用)
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms189440(v=sql.105).aspx

open symmetric key MySymmetric decryption by password='Hello@MySymmetric';

alter symmetric key MySymmetric add encryption by password = 'Hello@kk' --New another Password

close symmetric key MySymmetric;

open symmetric key MySymmetric decryption by password='Hello@kk'; --Use New Password

select convert(varchar(max ) ,convert (varchar(max ),decryptbykey(SymmetricCol))) from EnryptTest

alter symmetric key MySymmetric drop encryption by password = 'Hello@kk'--Drop the new Password

close symmetric key MySymmetric;
go

--   删除对称密钥
--   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms182698(v=sql.105).aspx
drop symmetric key MySymmetric;
go

--   删除测试列
alter table EnryptTest drop column SymmetricCol
go

【主密钥证书示例】

--   测试数据
/*
drop certificate Mycertificate;
go
drop master key
go
drop table EnryptTest
go
*/
create table EnryptTest
(
   id int not null primary key,
   EnryptData nvarchar(20),
)
go

insert into EnryptTest
values(1,N'888888'),(2,N'888888'),(3,N'123456'),(4,N'A');
go

select * from EnryptTest;

alter table EnryptTest add CertificateCol varbinary(max)
go

--创建主密钥
create master key encryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey'
go
/*
key_id   thumbprint   crypt_type   crypt_type_desc               crypt_property
------   ----------   ----------   ---------------------   ------------------
101       0x01       ESKM       ENCRYPTION BY MASTER KEY   0x7A2FEDA8139F1DE8F3377424C120DBDB8E1F7EAAEC1BBD73E72AC04F5CEECBFAC15FC7E130CA1756281EA0D8E6997F44
101       NULL       ESKP       ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD       0x61D8F28F12CE4A1247F91E0ED828F2E937206E5D69B0754EE76756567AB428CBD5B54B76BCD1FC15E5E12202DBA4E187
*/

--创建证书，因为默认使用主密钥加密，此处不需要密码
create certificate Mycertificate
with subject = N'EnryptData certificate',
start_date = N'20150401',
expiry_date = N'20160401';
go

--加密解密都自动使用服务主密钥加密了。即使使用“close master key ”也不起作用
update EnryptTest
set CertificateCol = EncryptByCert(CERT_ID('Mycertificate'),CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX),EnryptData))
go
select *,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX ),DECRYPTBYCERT(CERT_ID('Mycertificate'),CertificateCol))
from EnryptTest;
go

--现在删除“服务主密钥”
alter master key drop encryption by service master key
go

--再查询数据，没有解密出来。不自动使用主密钥加密解密了
select *,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX ),DECRYPTBYCERT(CERT_ID('Mycertificate'),CertificateCol))
from EnryptTest;
go

--这时需要显式打开主密钥,使用主密钥密码加密解密
open master key decryption by password = N'Hello@MyMasterKey'
go

--再查询数据，解密出来了。
select *,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX ),DECRYPTBYCERT(CERT_ID('Mycertificate'),CertificateCol))
from EnryptTest;
go

--最后关闭主密钥
close master key
go

--查看主密钥，少了"ENCRYPTION BY MASTER KEY",没有了主密钥进行加密,而是使用密码进行加密
select * from sys.key_encryptions
/*
key_id   thumbprint   crypt_type   crypt_type_desc           crypt_property
------   ----------   ----------   ---------------------   ------------------
101       NULL       ESKP       ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD   0xFB7D746C3CF0471147ECD710B1173B69A966421089FBB813BCF108E1ED90574F5C5F0998BA44F48869E05E9093BC59E6
*/

--删除测试数据
drop certificate Mycertificate;
go
drop master key
go
drop table EnryptTest
go

参考:
服务主密钥:https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms189060(v=sql.90).aspx

【证书备份还原示例】

-- drop table EnryptTest
create table EnryptTest
(
id int not null primary key,
EnryptData nvarchar(20),
)
go

insert into EnryptTest
values(1,N'888888'),(2,N'888888'),(3,N'123456'),(4,N'A');
go

alter table EnryptTest add CertificateCol varbinary(max) --证书加密的列
go

select * from EnryptTest;

--将相关信息删除
drop certificate Mycertificate;
go
drop master key
go

--   创建以密码加密的证书
create certificate Mycertificate
encryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate'
with subject = N'EnryptData certificate',
start_date = N'20150401',
expiry_date = N'20160401';
go

--   证书加密数据
update EnryptTest set CertificateCol = EncryptByCert(CERT_ID('Mycertificate'),CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX),EnryptData))
go

--   解密(正常)
select *,convert(varchar(max ),decryptbycert(cert_id('Mycertificate'),CertificateCol,N'Hello@Mycertificate'))
from EnryptTest;
go

--   备份证书
backup certificate mycertificate
to file = N'D:\mycertificate.cer'
with private key (
file = N'D:\mycertificate_saleskey.pvk' ,
decryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate' ,
encryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate' );
go

--   删除证书
drop certificate Mycertificate;
go

--   解密(失败)
select *,convert(varchar(max ),decryptbycert(cert_id('Mycertificate'),CertificateCol,N'Hello@Mycertificate'))
from EnryptTest;
go

--   还原证书
create certificate mycertificate
from file = N'D:\mycertificate.cer'
with private key (
file = N'D:\mycertificate_saleskey.pvk',
decryption by password = N'Hello@Mycertificate' ,
encryption by password = N'[email protected]' ); --新证书密码
go

--   解密(正常)
select *,convert(varchar(max ),decryptbycert(cert_id('Mycertificate'),CertificateCol,N'[email protected]')) --新证书密码
from EnryptTest;
go

--   删除测试数据
drop certificate Mycertificate;
go
drop table EnryptTest
go

没有数据库主密钥情况下，使用密码加密的证书。证书直接加密解密数据，备份还原后，对之前的加密数据仍正常解密，因为备用还原都是同一个证书。而使用证书加密的对称密钥，对称密钥不能备份，删除重建后，key_guid不一样了，之前使用对称密钥加密的数据已经不能使用新的对称密钥解密了。查看select * from sys.symmetric_keys，可以看到不一样了。

加密解密函数：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms173744.aspx

插图2张：

---------------------
作者：薛定谔的DBA
来源：CSDN
原文：https://blog.csdn.net/kk185800961/article/details/44871603
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，转载请附上博文链接！

SQLServer 数据加密解密：常用的加密解密

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