约束关键字
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 标识该字段为该表的主键，可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) 标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL 标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) 标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT 标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键）
DEFAULT 为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充
not null与default
是否可空，null表示空，非字符串，not null - 不可空，null - 可空；default默认值，创建列时可以指定默认值，当插入数据时如果未主动设置，则自动添加默认值
mysql> create table student( -> name varchar(20) not null, -> age int(2) unsigned not null default 18, -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male', -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music' -> ); mysql> desc student; +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES | | play,music | | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values('jack'); mysql> select * from student; +------+-----+------+------------+ | name | age | sex | hobby | +------+-----+------+------------+ | jack | 18 | male | play,music | +------+-----+------+------------+
unique
============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE=============== #方法一： create table department1( id int, name varchar(20) unique, comment varchar(100) ); #方法二： create table department2( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) ); mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
not null+unique
mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
联合唯一
create table service( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), host varchar(15) not null, port int not null, unique(host,port) #联合唯一 ); mysql> insert into service values -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80), -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80), -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306) -> ; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
primary key
primary key字段的值不为空且唯一，直接使用not null+unique不就可以了吗，要它干什么？因为主键primary key是innodb存储引擎组织数据的依据，innodb称之为索引组织表，一张表中必须有且只有一个主键。
单列主键
============单列做主键=============== #方法一：not null+unique create table department1( id int not null unique, #主键 name varchar(20) not null unique, comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department1; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) #方法二：在某一个字段后用primary key create table department2( id int primary key, #主键 name varchar(20), comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #方法三：在所有字段后单独定义primary key create table department3( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name mysql> desc department3; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec)
多列主键
==================多列做主键================ create table service( ip varchar(15), port char(5), service_name varchar(10) not null, primary key(ip,port) ); mysql> desc service; +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into service values -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'), -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb') -> ; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
auto_increment
约束字段为自动增长，被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
#不指定id，则自动增长 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') default 'male' ); mysql> desc student; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values -> ('jack'), -> ('toms') -> ; mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | jack | male | | 2 | toms | male | +----+------+------+ #也可以指定id mysql> insert into student values(4,'lurs','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student values(7,'rust','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | jack | male | | 2 | toms | male | | 4 | lurs | female | | 7 | rust | female | +----+------+--------+ #对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长 mysql> delete from student; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb'); mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 8 | ysb | male | +----+------+------+ #应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它 mysql> truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('jack'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | jack | male | +----+------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
foreign key(外键约束)
MySQL通过外键约束来保证表与表之间的数据的完整性和准确性， 外键的使用条件：
- 两个表必须是InnoDB表，MyISAM表暂时不支持外键（据说以后的版本有可能支持，但至少目前不支持）；
- 外键列必须建立了索引，MySQL 4.1.2以后的版本在建立外键时会自动创建索引，但如果在较早的版本则需要显示建立；
- 外键关系的两个表的列必须是数据类型相似，也就是可以相互转换类型的列，比如int和tinyint可以，而int和char则不可以；
外键定义语法
[CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY [id] (index_col_name, ...) REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name, ...) [ON DELETE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}] [ON UPDATE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}] 该语法可以在 CREATE TABLE 和 ALTER TABLE 时使用，如果不指定CONSTRAINT symbol，MYSQL会自动生成一个名字。 ON DELETE、ON UPDATE表示事件触发限制，可设参数： RESTRICT（限制外表中的外键改动） CASCADE（跟随外键改动） SET NULL（设空值） SET DEFAULT（设默认值） NO ACTION（无动作，默认的）
简单示例
#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎，且被关联的字段，即references指定的另外一个表的字段，必须保证唯一 create table department( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null )engine=innodb; #dpt_id外键，关联父表（department主键id），同步更新，同步删除 create table employee( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, dpt_id int, constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id) references department(id) on delete cascade on update cascade )engine=innodb; #先往父表department中插入记录 insert into department values (1,'财务部'), (2,'运营部'), (3,'销售部'); #再往子表employee中插入记录 insert into employee values (1,'jack',1), (2,'rusa',2), (3,'susa',2), (4,'toms',3), (5,'qion',3), ; #删父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着删 mysql> delete from department where id=3; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | jack | 1 | | 2 | rusa | 2 | | 3 | susa | 2 | +----+-------+--------+ #更新父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着改 mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | jack | 1 | | 3 | susa | 2 | | 4 | toms | 2 | | 5 | rusa | 2 | +----+-------+--------+
表与表之间常见的关系
#站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录，如果是，则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id）
#站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录，如果是，则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（通常是id）
#总结：
#多对一：
如果只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表
#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立，则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种情况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
一对多
=========================多对一================= 一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书,关联方式：foreign key ================================================ create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into press(name) values ('北京工业出版社'), ('人民音乐出版社'), ('机械工业出版社') ; insert into book(name,press_id) values ('python',1), ('java',2), ('c',2), ('ruby',3), ('c#',3) ;
多对多
======================多对多======================= 三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 多对多：一个作者可以写多本书，一本书也可以有多个作者，双向的一对多，即多对多 关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表 =================================================== create table author( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); #这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了 create table author_book( id int not null unique auto_increment, author_id int not null, book_id int not null, constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, primary key(author_id,book_id) ); #插入四个作者，id依次排开 insert into author(name) values('jack'),('rusa'),('susa'),('toms'); #每个作者与自己的代表作如下 1 jack: 1 pythom 2 ruby 2 rusa: 1 c# 6 c 3 susa: 4 js 5 html 6 java 4 toms: 3 vb insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1)
一对一
=======================一对一=============================== 两张表：学生表和客户表 一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学校，即一对一的关系 关联方式：foreign key+unique 一定是student来foreign key表customer，这样就保证了： 学生一定是一个客户， 客户不一定是学生，但有可能成为一个学生 ============================================================ create table customer( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, qq varchar(10) not null, phone char(16) not null ); create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, class_name varchar(20) not null, customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的 foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique on delete cascade on update cascade ); #增加客户 insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values ('jack','31811231',13811341220), ('rusa','123123123',15213146809), ('toms','283818181',1867141331), ('jiek','283818181',1851143312), ('alie','888818181',1861243314), ('heli','112312312',18811431230) ; #增加学生 insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values ('python',3), ('java',4), ('js',5) ;