在C++中，动态内存的管理是通过一对运算符来完成的：new，在动态内存中为对象分配空间并返回一个指向该对象的指针，可以选择对对象进行初始化；delete，接受一个动态对象的指针，销毁该对象，并释放与之关联的内存。
动态内存的使用很容易出问题，因为确保在正确的时间释放内存是极其困难的。有时会忘记释放内存，在这种情况下会产生内存泄露；有时在尚有指针引用内存的情况下就释放了它，在这种情况下就会产生引用非法内存的指针。
为了更容易(同时也更安全)地使用动态内存，C++11标准库提供了两种智能指针(smart pointer)类型来管理动态对象。智能指针的行为类似常规指针，重要的区别是它负责自动释放所指的对象。C++11标准库提供的这两种智能指针的区别在于管理底层指针的方式：shared_ptr允许多个指针指向同一个对象；unique_ptr则"独占"所指向的对象。C++11标准库还定义了一个名为weak_ptr的辅助类，它是一种弱引用，指向shared_ptr所管理的对象。这三种类型都定义在memory头文件中。智能指针是模板类而不是指针。类似vector，智能指针也是模板，当创建一个智能指针时，必须提供额外的信息即指针可以指向的类型。默认初始化的智能指针中保存着一个空指针。智能指针的使用方式与普通指针类似。解引用一个智能指针返回它指向的对象。如果在一个条件判断中使用智能指针，效果就是检测它是否为空。
std::shared_ptris a smart pointer that retains shared ownership of an object through a pointer. Several shared_ptr objects may own the same object. The object is destroyed and its memory deallocated when either of the following happens: (1)、the last remaining shared_ptr owning the object is destroyed; (2)、the last remaining shared_ptr owning the object is assigned another pointer via operator= or reset().
A shared_ptr can share ownership of an object while storing a pointer to another object. This feature can be used to point to member objects while owning the object they belong to. The stored pointer is the one accessed by get(), the dereference and the comparison operators. The managed pointer is the one passed to the deleter when use count reaches zero.
A shared_ptr may also own no objects, in which case it is called empty (an empty shared_ptr may have a non-null stored pointer if the aliasing constructor was used to create it).
All member functions (including copy constructor and copy assignment) can be called by multiple threads on different instances of shared_ptr without additional synchronization even if these instances are copies and share ownership of the same object. If multiple threads of execution access the same shared_ptr without synchronization and any of those accesses uses a non-const member function of shared_ptr then a data race will occur; the shared_ptr overloads of atomic functions can be used to prevent the data race.
The ownership of an object can only be shared with another shared_ptr by copy constructing or copy assigning its value to another shared_ptr. Constructing a new shared_ptr using the raw underlying pointer owned by another shared_ptr leads to undefined behavior.
The shared_ptr type is a smart pointer in the C++ standard library that is designed for scenarios in which more than one owner might have to manage the lifetime of the object in memory. After you initialize a shared_ptr you can copy it, pass it by value in function arguments, and assign it to other shared_ptr instances. All the instances point to the same object, and share access to one "control block" that increments and decrements the reference count whenever a new shared_ptr is added, goes out of scope, or is reset. When the reference count reaches zero, the control block deletes the memory resource and itself.
Whenever possible, use the make_shared (<memory>) function to create a shared_ptr when the memory resource is created for the first time. make_shared is exception-safe. It uses the same call to allocate the memory for the control block and the resource, and thereby reduces the construction overhead. If you do not use make_shared, then you have to use an explicit new expression to create the object before you pass it to the shared_ptr constructor.
In order to hide the operator new and to provide an optimization while allocating the object to be shared, the variadic template function make_shared was created. It is a template function that performs three tasks:
(1)、Allocates contiguous memory for the object and for the reference counter. This makes the creation and destruction of objects faster because only one allocation and deallocation will be needed when creating the object to be shared and its reference counter.
(2)、Invokes to the constructor of the class being instantiated forwarding the arguments used when this function was invoked.
(3)、Returns a shared_ptr to the newly created object.
make_shared<T>is a variadic template function that receives as arguments, the arguments that the constructor of class T needs.
智能指针实质就是重载了->和*操作符的类，由类来实现对内存的管理，确保即使有异常产生，也可以通过智能指针类的析构函数完成内存的释放。
shared_ptr的类型转换不能使用一般的static_cast，这种方式进行的转换会导致转换后的指针无法再被shared_ptr对象正确的管理。应该使用专门用于shared_ptr类型转换的 static_pointer_cast<T>() , const_pointer_cast<T>() 和dynamic_pointer_cast<T>()。
使用shared_ptr避免了手动使用delete来释放由new申请的资源，标准库也引入了make_shared函数来创建一个shared_ptr对象，使用shared_ptr和make_shared，你的代码里就可以使new和delete消失，同时又不必担心内存的泄露。shared_ptr是一个模板类。
C++开发处理内存泄漏最有效的办法就是使用智能指针，使用智能指针就不会担心内存泄露的问题了，因为智能指针可以自动删除分配的内存。
智能指针是指向动态分配(堆)对象指针，用于生存期控制，能够确保自动正确的销毁动态分配的对象，防止内存泄露。它的一种通用实现技术是使用引用计数。每次使用它，内部的引用计数加1，每次析构一次，内部引用计数减1，减为0时，删除所指向的堆内存。
每一个shared_ptr的拷贝都指向相同的内存。在最后一个shared_ptr析构的时候, 内存才会被释放。
可以通过构造函数、赋值函数或者make_shared函数初始化智能指针。
shared_ptr基于”引用计数”模型实现，多个shared_ptr可指向同一个动态对象，并维护一个共享的引用计数器，记录了引用同一对象的shared_ptr实例的数量。当最后一个指向动态对象的shared_ptr销毁时，会自动销毁其所指对象(通过delete操作符)。
shared_ptr的默认能力是管理动态内存，但支持自定义的Deleter以实现个性化的资源释放动作。
最安全的分配和使用动态内存的方法是调用一个名为make_shared的标准库函数。此函数在动态内存中分配一个对象并初始化它，返回指向此对象的shared_ptr。当要用make_shared时，必须指定想要创建的对象的类型，定义方式与模板类相同。在函数名之后跟一个尖括号，在其中给出类型。例如，调用make_shared<string>时传递的参数必须与string的某个构造函数相匹配。如果不传递任何参数，对象就会进行值初始化。
通常用auto定义一个对象来保存make_shared的结果。
当进行拷贝或赋值操作时，每个shared_ptr都会记录有多少个其它shared_ptr指向相同的对象。
可以认为每个shared_ptr都有一个关联的计数器，通常称其为引用计数(reference count)。无论何时拷贝一个shared_ptr，计数器都会递增。例如，当用一个shared_ptr初始化另一个shared_ptr，或将它作为参数传递给一个函数以及作为函数的返回值时，它所关联的计数器就会递增。当给shared_ptr赋予一个新值或是shared_ptr被销毁(例如一个局部的shared_ptr离开其作用域)时，计数器就会递减。一旦一个shared_ptr的计数器变为0，它就会自动释放自己所管理的对象。
当指向一个对象的最后一个shared_ptr被销毁时，shared_ptr类会自动销毁此对象。它是通过另一个特殊的成员函数析构函数(destructor)来完成销毁工作的。类似于构造函数，每个类都有一个析构函数。就像构造函数控制初始化一样，析构函数控制此类型的对象销毁时做什么操作。shared_ptr的析构函数会递减它所指向的对象的引用计数。如果引用计数变为0，shared_ptr的析构函数就会销毁对象，并释放它占用的内存。
如果将shared_ptr存放于一个容器中，而后不再需要全部元素，而只使用其中一部分，要记得用erase删除不再需要的那些元素。
使用shared_ptr注意事项：
(1)、不要把一个原生指针给多个shared_ptr管理；
(2)、不要把this指针给shared_ptr；
(3)、不要在函数实参里创建shared_ptr；
(4)、不要不加思考地把指针替换为shared_ptr来防止内存泄漏，shared_ptr并不是万能的，而且使用它们的话也是需要一定的开销的；
(5)、环状的链式结构shared_ptr将会导致内存泄漏(可以结合weak_ptr来解决)；
(6)、共享拥有权的对象一般比限定作用域的对象生存更久，从而将导致更高的平均资源使用时间；
(7)、在多线程环境中使用共享指针的代价非常大，这是因为你需要避免关于引用计数的数据竞争；
(8)、共享对象的析构器不会在预期的时间执行；
(9)、不使用相同的内置指针值初始化(或reset)多个智能指针；
(10)、不delete get()返回的指针；
(11)、不使用get()初始化或reset另一个智能指针；
(12)、如果使用get()返回的指针，记住当最后一个对应的智能指针销毁后，你的指针就变为无效了；
(13)、如果你使用智能指针管理的资源不是new分配的内存，记住传递给它一个删除器。
下图列出了shared_ptr支持的操作(来源于C++ Primer Fifth Edition 中文版)：
下面是从其他文章中copy的测试代码，详细内容介绍可以参考对应的reference：
#include "shared_ptr.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <memory> // shared_ptr
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <mutex>
#include <algorithm>
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/shared_ptr
struct Base
{
Base() { std::cout << " Base::Base()\n"; }
// Note: non-virtual destructor is OK here
~Base() { std::cout << " Base::~Base()\n"; }
};
struct Derived : public Base
{
Derived() { std::cout << " Derived::Derived()\n"; }
~Derived() { std::cout << " Derived::~Derived()\n"; }
};
void thr(std::shared_ptr<Base> p)
{
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
std::shared_ptr<Base> lp = p; // thread-safe, even though the shared use_count is incremented
{
static std::mutex io_mutex;
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(io_mutex);
std::cout << "local pointer in a thread:\n"
<< " lp.get() = " << lp.get()
<< ", lp.use_count() = " << lp.use_count() << '\n';
}
}
int test_shared_ptr1()
{
std::shared_ptr<Base> p = std::make_shared<Derived>();
std::cout << "Created a shared Derived (as a pointer to Base)\n"
<< " p.get() = " << p.get()
<< ", p.use_count() = " << p.use_count() << '\n';
std::thread t1(thr, p), t2(thr, p), t3(thr, p);
p.reset(); // release ownership from main
std::cout << "Shared ownership between 3 threads and released\n"
<< "ownership from main:\n"
<< " p.get() = " << p.get()
<< ", p.use_count() = " << p.use_count() << '\n';
t1.join(); t2.join(); t3.join();
std::cout << "All threads completed, the last one deleted Derived\n";
return 0;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/shared_ptr/
int test_shared_ptr2()
{
struct C { int* data; };
// shared_ptr constructor example
std::shared_ptr<int> p1;
std::shared_ptr<int> p2(nullptr);
std::shared_ptr<int> p3(new int);
std::shared_ptr<int> p4(new int, std::default_delete<int>());
std::shared_ptr<int> p5(new int, [](int* p){delete p; }, std::allocator<int>());
std::shared_ptr<int> p6(p5);
std::shared_ptr<int> p7(std::move(p6));
std::shared_ptr<int> p8(std::unique_ptr<int>(new int));
std::shared_ptr<C> obj(new C);
std::shared_ptr<int> p9(obj, obj->data);
std::cout << "use_count:\n";
std::cout << "p1: " << p1.use_count() << '\n'; // 0
std::cout << "p2: " << p2.use_count() << '\n'; // 0
std::cout << "p3: " << p3.use_count() << '\n'; // 1
std::cout << "p4: " << p4.use_count() << '\n'; // 1
std::cout << "p5: " << p5.use_count() << '\n'; // 2
std::cout << "p6: " << p6.use_count() << '\n'; // 0
std::cout << "p7: " << p7.use_count() << '\n'; // 2
std::cout << "p8: " << p8.use_count() << '\n'; // 1
std::cout << "p9: " << p9.use_count() << '\n'; // 2
return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: https://oopscenities.net/2013/10/06/smart-pointers-part-4-shared_ptr/
class Integer
{
int n;
public:
Integer(int n) : n(n) { }
~Integer() { printf("Deleting %d\n", n); }
int get() const { return n; }
};
int test_shared_ptr3()
{
auto a = std::make_shared<Integer>(10);
auto b = std::make_shared<Integer>(20);
auto c = a;
auto d = std::make_shared<Integer>(30);
auto e = b;
a = d;
b = std::make_shared<Integer>(40);
auto f = c;
b = f;
printf("%d\n", a->get());
printf("%d\n", b->get());
printf("%d\n", c->get());
printf("%d\n", d->get());
printf("%d\n", e->get());
printf("%d\n", f->get());
return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.linux-magazin.de/Ausgaben/2013/04/C-11
struct MyInt{
MyInt(int v) :val(v){
std::cout << " Hello: " << val << std::endl;
}
~MyInt(){
std::cout << " Good Bye: " << val << std::endl;
}
int val;
};
int test_shared_ptr4()
{
std::shared_ptr<MyInt> sharPtr(new MyInt(1998));
std::cout << " My value: " << sharPtr->val << std::endl;
std::cout << "sharedPtr.use_count(): " << sharPtr.use_count() << std::endl;
{
std::shared_ptr<MyInt> locSharPtr(sharPtr);
std::cout << "locSharPtr.use_count(): " << locSharPtr.use_count() << std::endl;
}
std::cout << "sharPtr.use_count(): " << sharPtr.use_count() << std::endl;
std::shared_ptr<MyInt> globSharPtr = sharPtr;
std::cout << "sharPtr.use_count(): " << sharPtr.use_count() << std::endl;
globSharPtr.reset();
std::cout << "sharPtr.use_count(): " << sharPtr.use_count() << std::endl;
sharPtr = std::shared_ptr<MyInt>(new MyInt(2011));
return 0;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.linux-magazin.de/Ausgaben/2013/04/C-11
template <typename T>
struct Deleter{
void operator()(T *ptr){
++Deleter::count;
delete ptr;
}
static int count;
};
template <typename T>
int Deleter<T>::count = 0;
typedef Deleter<int> IntDeleter;
typedef Deleter<double> DoubleDeleter;
typedef Deleter<MyInt> MyIntDeleter;
int test_shared_ptr5()
{
{
std::shared_ptr<int> sharedPtr1(new int(1998), IntDeleter());
std::shared_ptr<int> sharedPtr2(new int(2011), IntDeleter());
std::shared_ptr<double> sharedPtr3(new double(3.17), DoubleDeleter());
std::shared_ptr<MyInt> sharedPtr4(new MyInt(2017), MyIntDeleter());
}
std::cout << "Deleted " << IntDeleter().count << " int values." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Deleted " << DoubleDeleter().count << " double value." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Deleted " << MyIntDeleter().count << " MyInt value." << std::endl;
return 0;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/reset/
int test_shared_ptr_reset()
{
std::shared_ptr<int> sp; // empty
sp.reset(new int); // takes ownership of pointer
*sp = 10;
std::cout << *sp << '\n';
sp.reset(new int); // deletes managed object, acquires new pointer
*sp = 20;
std::cout << *sp << '\n';
sp.reset(); // deletes managed object
return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/get/
int test_shared_ptr_get()
{
int* p = new int(10);
std::shared_ptr<int> a(p);
if (a.get() == p)
std::cout << "a and p point to the same location\n";
// three ways of accessing the same address:
std::cout << *a.get() << "\n";
std::cout << *a << "\n";
std::cout << *p << "\n";
return 0;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
struct C { int a; int b; };
int test_shared_ptr_operator()
{
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/operator%20bool/
// std::shared_ptr::operator bool: The function returns the same as get()!=0.
std::shared_ptr<int> foo;
std::shared_ptr<int> bar(new int(34));
if (foo) std::cout << "foo points to " << *foo << '\n';
else std::cout << "foo is null\n";
if (bar) std::cout << "bar points to " << *bar << '\n';
else std::cout << "bar is null\n";
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/operator*/
// std::shared_ptr::operator*: It is equivalent to: *get().
std::shared_ptr<int> foo_2(new int);
std::shared_ptr<int> bar_2(new int(100));
*foo_2 = *bar_2 * 2;
std::cout << "foo_2: " << *foo_2 << '\n';
std::cout << "bar_2: " << *bar_2 << '\n';
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/operator-%3E/
// std::shared_ptr::operator->: It returns the same value as get()
std::shared_ptr<C> foo_3;
std::shared_ptr<C> bar_3(new C);
foo_3 = bar_3;
foo_3->a = 10;
bar_3->b = 20;
if (foo_3) std::cout << "foo_3: " << foo_3->a << ' ' << foo_3->b << '\n';
if (bar_3) std::cout << "bar_3: " << bar_3->a << ' ' << bar_3->b << '\n';
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/operator=/
std::shared_ptr<int> foo_4;
std::shared_ptr<int> bar_4(new int(10));
foo_4 = bar_4; // copy
bar_4 = std::make_shared<int>(20); // move
std::unique_ptr<int> unique(new int(30));
foo_4 = std::move(unique); // move from unique_ptr
std::cout << "*foo_4: " << *foo_4 << '\n';
std::cout << "*bar_4: " << *bar_4 << '\n';
return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/owner_before/
int test_shared_ptr_owner_before()
{
int * p = new int(10);
std::shared_ptr<int> a(new int(20));
std::shared_ptr<int> b(a, p); // alias constructor
// owner_before: true if the object is considered to be different from x and
// go before it in a strict weak order based on ownership. false otherwise.
std::cout << "comparing a and b...\n" << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "value-based: " << (!(a<b) && !(b<a)) << '\n';
std::cout << "owner-based: " << (!a.owner_before(b) && !b.owner_before(a)) << '\n';
delete p;
return 0;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/swap/
int test_shared_ptr_swap()
{
std::shared_ptr<int> foo(new int(10));
std::shared_ptr<int> bar(new int(20));
foo.swap(bar);
std::cout << "*foo: " << *foo << '\n';
std::cout << "*bar: " << *bar << '\n';
return 0;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/memory/shared_ptr/unique/
int test_shared_ptr_unique()
{
// std::shared_ptr::unique: This function shall return the same as (use_count()==1),
// although it may do so in a more efficient way.
std::shared_ptr<int> foo;
std::shared_ptr<int> bar(new int);
std::cout << "foo unique?\n" << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << "1: " << foo.unique() << '\n'; // false (empty)
foo = bar;
std::cout << "2: " << foo.unique() << '\n'; // false (shared with bar)
bar = nullptr;
std::cout << "3: " << foo.unique() << '\n'; // true
return 0;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int test_shared_ptr_reset_delete()
{
// new int[], with shard_ptr'reset function delete
int* p1 = new int[10];
{
std::for_each(p1, p1 + 10, [](int& v){v = 5; });
std::shared_ptr<int> p2;
// p2和p1指向同一个内存空间
p2.reset(p1, [](int* p) {delete[] p; });
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
fprintf(stdout, "p1: %d \n", p1[i]);
fprintf(stdout, "p2: %d \n", p2.get()[i]);
}
}
// 运行到大括号外，此时p1的空间已经被释放
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
fprintf(stdout, "p1: %d \n", p1[i]);
}
//delete[] p1; // p1已释放，不能再delete
int* pa = new int[10];
{
std::for_each(pa, pa + 10, [](int& v){v = 8; });
std::shared_ptr<int> pb;
// pb和pa指向同一个内存空间
pb.reset(pa, [](int*) { });
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
fprintf(stdout, "pa: %d \n", pa[i]);
fprintf(stdout, "pb: %d \n", pb.get()[i]);
}
}
// 运行到大括号外，此时pa的空间没有被释放
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
fprintf(stdout, "pa: %d \n", pa[i]);
}
delete[] pa; // pa没有被释放，需要delete
return 0;
}GitHub： https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test
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