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java不能直接访问操作系统底层，而是通过本地方法来访问。Unsafe类提供了硬件级别的原子操作，主要提供了以下功能：
类中提供的3个本地方法allocateMemory、reallocateMemory、freeMemory分别用于分配内存，扩充内存和释放内存，与C语言中的3个方法对应。
2、可以定位对象某字段的内存位置，也可以修改对象的字段值，即使它是私有的；
public native long allocateMemory(long l);
public native long reallocateMemory(long l, long l1);
public native void freeMemory(long l);字段的定位：
JAVA中对象的字段的定位可能通过staticFieldOffset方法实现，该方法返回给定field的内存地址偏移量，这个值对于给定的filed是唯一的且是固定不变的。
getIntVolatile方法获取对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
getLong方法获取对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值
数组元素定位：
Unsafe类中有很多以BASE_OFFSET结尾的常量，比如ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET，ARRAY_BYTE_BASE_OFFSET等，这些常量值是通过arrayBaseOffset方法得到的。arrayBaseOffset方法是一个本地方法，可以获取数组第一个元素的偏移地址。Unsafe类中还有很多以INDEX_SCALE结尾的常量，比如 ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE ， ARRAY_BYTE_INDEX_SCALE等，这些常量值是通过arrayIndexScale方法得到的。arrayIndexScale方法也是一个本地方法，可以获取数组的转换因子，也就是数组中元素的增量地址。将arrayBaseOffset与arrayIndexScale配合使用，可以定位数组中每个元素在内存中的位置。
public final class Unsafe {
public static final int ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET;
public static final int ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE;
public native long staticFieldOffset(Field field);
public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long l);
public native long getLong(Object obj, long l);
public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class class1);
public native int arrayIndexScale(Class class1);
static
{
ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset([I);
ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale([I);
}
}3、挂起与恢复
将一个线程进行挂起是通过park方法实现的，调用 park后，线程将一直阻塞直到超时或者中断等条件出现。unpark可以终止一个挂起的线程，使其恢复正常。整个并发框架中对线程的挂起操作被封装在 LockSupport类中，LockSupport类中有各种版本pack方法，但最终都调用了Unsafe.park()方法。
public class LockSupport {
public static void unpark(Thread thread) {
if (thread != null)
unsafe.unpark(thread);
}
public static void park(Object blocker) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
setBlocker(t, blocker);
unsafe.park(false, 0L);
setBlocker(t, null);
}
public static void parkNanos(Object blocker, long nanos) {
if (nanos > 0) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
setBlocker(t, blocker);
unsafe.park(false, nanos);
setBlocker(t, null);
}
}
public static void parkUntil(Object blocker, long deadline) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
setBlocker(t, blocker);
unsafe.park(true, deadline);
setBlocker(t, null);
}
public static void park() {
unsafe.park(false, 0L);
}
public static void parkNanos(long nanos) {
if (nanos > 0)
unsafe.park(false, nanos);
}
public static void parkUntil(long deadline) {
unsafe.park(true, deadline);
}
}4、CAS操作
是通过compareAndSwapXXX方法实现的
/**
* 比较obj的offset处内存位置中的值和期望的值，如果相同则更新。此更新是不可中断的。
*
* @param obj 需要更新的对象
* @param offset obj中整型field的偏移量
* @param expect 希望field中存在的值
* @param update 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return 如果field的值被更改返回true
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset, int expect, int update);CAS操作有3个操作数，内存值M，预期值E，新值U，如果M==E，则将内存值修改为B，否则啥都不做。
参考资料：
注：转自http://blog.csdn.net/aesop_wubo/article/details/7537278
首先介绍一下什么是Compare And Swap(CAS)？简单的说就是比较并交换。
CAS 操作包含三个操作数 —— 内存位置（V）、预期原值（A）和新值(B)。如果内存位置的值与预期原值相匹配，那么处理器会自动将该位置值更新为新值。否则，处理器不做任何操作。无论哪种情况，它都会在 CAS 指令之前返回该位置的值。CAS 有效地说明了“我认为位置 V 应该包含值 A；如果包含该值，则将 B 放到这个位置；否则，不要更改该位置，只告诉我这个位置现在的值即可。” Java并发包(java.util.concurrent)中大量使用了CAS操作,涉及到并发的地方都调用了sun.misc.Unsafe类方法进行CAS操作。
在看一下volatile, Volatile修饰的成员变量在每次被线程访问时，都强迫从共享内存中重读该成员变量的值。而且，当成员变量发生变化时，强迫线程将变化值回写到共享内存。这样在任何时刻，两个不同的线程总是看到某个成员变量的值是相同的，更简单一点理解就是volatile修饰的变量值发生变化时对于另外的线程是可见的。
如何正确使用volatile可以参考下面这篇文章：
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-jtp06197.html Java 理论与实践: 正确使用 Volatile 变量
下面来看看java中具体的CAS操作类sun.misc.Unsafe。Unsafe类提供了硬件级别的原子操作，Java无法直接访问到操作系统底层（如系统硬件等)，为此Java使用native方法来扩展Java程序的功能。具体实现使用c++,详见文件sun.misc.natUnsafe.cc();sun.misc包的源代码可以在这里找到：
http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/gcc-4.5.2/libjava/sun/misc
//下面是sun.misc.Unsafe.java类源码
package sun.misc;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
/***
* This class should provide access to low-level operations and its
* use should be limited to trusted code. Fields can be accessed using
* memory addresses, with undefined behaviour occurring if invalid memory
* addresses are given.
* 这个类提供了一个更底层的操作并且应该在受信任的代码中使用。可以通过内存地址
* 存取fields,如果给出的内存地址是无效的那么会有一个不确定的运行表现。
*
* @author Tom Tromey ([email protected])
* @author Andrew John Hughes ([email protected])
*/
public class Unsafe
{
// Singleton class.
private static Unsafe unsafe = new Unsafe();
/***
* Private default constructor to prevent creation of an arbitrary
* number of instances.
* 使用私有默认构造器防止创建多个实例
*/
private Unsafe()
{
}
/***
* Retrieve the singleton instance of <code>Unsafe</code>. The calling
* method should guard this instance from untrusted code, as it provides
* access to low-level operations such as direct memory access.
* 获取<code>Unsafe</code>的单例,这个方法调用应该防止在不可信的代码中实例，
* 因为unsafe类提供了一个低级别的操作，例如直接内存存取。
*
* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and prevents
* access to the system properties.
* 如果安全管理器不存在或者禁止访问系统属性
*/
public static Unsafe getUnsafe()
{
SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null)
sm.checkPropertiesAccess();
return unsafe;
}
/***
* Returns the memory address offset of the given static field.
* The offset is merely used as a means to access a particular field
* in the other methods of this class. The value is unique to the given
* field and the same value should be returned on each subsequent call.
* 返回指定静态field的内存地址偏移量,在这个类的其他方法中这个值只是被用作一个访问
* 特定field的一个方式。这个值对于 给定的field是唯一的，并且后续对该方法的调用都应该
* 返回相同的值。
*
* @param field the field whose offset should be returned.
* 需要返回偏移量的field
* @return the offset of the given field.
* 指定field的偏移量
*/
public native long objectFieldOffset(Field field);
/***
* Compares the value of the integer field at the specified offset
* in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
* it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
* thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an integer field.
* 在obj的offset位置比较integer field和期望的值，如果相同则更新。这个方法
* 的操作应该是原子的，因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新integer field。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
* @param expect the expected value of the field.
* 希望field中存在的值
* @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>.
* 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return true if the field was changed.
* 如果field的值被更改
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset,
int expect, int update);
/***
* Compares the value of the long field at the specified offset
* in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
* it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
* thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating a long field.
* 在obj的offset位置比较long field和期望的值，如果相同则更新。这个方法
* 的操作应该是原子的，因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新long field。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
* @param expect the expected value of the field.
* 希望field中存在的值
* @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>.
* 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return true if the field was changed.
* 如果field的值被更改
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object obj, long offset,
long expect, long update);
/***
* Compares the value of the object field at the specified offset
* in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
* it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
* thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an object field.
* 在obj的offset位置比较object field和期望的值，如果相同则更新。这个方法
* 的操作应该是原子的，因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新object field。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
* @param expect the expected value of the field.
* 希望field中存在的值
* @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>.
* 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return true if the field was changed.
* 如果field的值被更改
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object obj, long offset,
Object expect, Object update);
/***
* Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
* version of <code>putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)</code>, which
* doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
* threads. It is only really useful where the integer field is
* <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
* 有延迟的<code>putIntVolatile</cdoe>方法，并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立
* 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候
* 使用才有用。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)
*/
public native void putOrderedInt(Object obj, long offset, int value);
/***
* Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
* version of <code>putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)</code>, which
* doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
* threads. It is only really useful where the long field is
* <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
* 有延迟的<code>putLongVolatile</cdoe>方法，并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立
* 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候
* 使用才有用。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)
*/
public native void putOrderedLong(Object obj, long offset, long value);
/***
* Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
* version of <code>putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)</code>, which
* doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
* threads. It is only really useful where the object field is
* <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
* 有延迟的<code>putObjectVolatile</cdoe>方法，并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立
* 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候
* 使用才有用。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
*/
public native void putOrderedObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
/***
* Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
*/
public native void putIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset, int value);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object with volatile load semantics.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量
*/
public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putLong(Object,long,long)
*/
public native void putLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset, long value);
/***
* Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)
*/
public native void putLong(Object obj, long offset, long value);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object with volatile load semantics.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
* @see #getLong(Object,long)
*/
public native long getLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量
* @see #getLongVolatile(Object,long)
*/
public native long getLong(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putObject(Object,long,Object)
*/
public native void putObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
/***
* Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)
*/
public native void putObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object with volatile load semantics.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>.
* <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量
*/
public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Returns the offset of the first element for a given array class.
* To access elements of the array class, this value may be used along with
* with that returned by
* <a href="#arrayIndexScale"><code>arrayIndexScale</code></a>,
* if non-zero.
* 获取给定数组中第一个元素的偏移地址。
* 为了存取数组中的元素，这个偏移地址与<a href="#arrayIndexScale"><code>arrayIndexScale
* </code></a>方法的非0返回值一起被使用。
* @param arrayClass the class for which the first element's address should
* be obtained.
* 第一个元素地址被获取的class
* @return the offset of the first element of the array class.
* 数组第一个元素 的偏移地址
* @see arrayIndexScale(Class)
*/
public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class arrayClass);
/***
* Returns the scale factor used for addressing elements of the supplied
* array class. Where a suitable scale factor can not be returned (e.g.
* for primitive types), zero should be returned. The returned value
* can be used with
* <a href="#arrayBaseOffset"><code>arrayBaseOffset</code></a>
* to access elements of the class.
* 获取用户给定数组寻址的换算因子.一个合适的换算因子不能返回的时候(例如：基本类型),
* 返回0.这个返回值能够与<a href="#arrayBaseOffset"><code>arrayBaseOffset</code>
* </a>一起使用去存取这个数组class中的元素
*
* @param arrayClass the class whose scale factor should be returned.
* @return the scale factor, or zero if not supported for this array class.
*/
public native int arrayIndexScale(Class arrayClass);
/***
* Releases the block on a thread created by
* <a href="#park"><code>park</code></a>. This method can also be used
* to terminate a blockage caused by a prior call to <code>park</code>.
* This operation is unsafe, as the thread must be guaranteed to be
* live. This is true of Java, but not native code.
* 释放被<a href="#park"><code>park</code></a>创建的在一个线程上的阻塞.这个
* 方法也可以被使用来终止一个先前调用<code>park</code>导致的阻塞.
* 这个操作操作时不安全的,因此线程必须保证是活的.这是java代码不是native代码。
* @param thread the thread to unblock.
* 要解除阻塞的线程
*/
public native void unpark(Thread thread);
/***
* Blocks the thread until a matching
* <a href="#unpark"><code>unpark</code></a> occurs, the thread is
* interrupted or the optional timeout expires. If an <code>unpark</code>
* call has already occurred, this also counts. A timeout value of zero
* is defined as no timeout. When <code>isAbsolute</code> is
* <code>true</code>, the timeout is in milliseconds relative to the
* epoch. Otherwise, the value is the number of nanoseconds which must
* occur before timeout. This call may also return spuriously (i.e.
* for no apparent reason).
* 阻塞一个线程直到<a href="#unpark"><code>unpark</code></a>出现、线程
* 被中断或者timeout时间到期。如果一个<code>unpark</code>调用已经出现了，
* 这里只计数。timeout为0表示永不过期.当<code>isAbsolute</code>为true时，
* timeout是相对于新纪元之后的毫秒。否则这个值就是超时前的纳秒数。这个方法执行时
* 也可能不合理地返回(没有具体原因)
*
* @param isAbsolute true if the timeout is specified in milliseconds from
* the epoch.
* 如果为true timeout的值是一个相对于新纪元之后的毫秒数
* @param time either the number of nanoseconds to wait, or a time in
* milliseconds from the epoch to wait for.
* 可以是一个要等待的纳秒数，或者是一个相对于新纪元之后的毫秒数直到
* 到达这个时间点
*/
public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time);
}注：转自http://blog.csdn.net/zgmzyr/article/details/8902683
下面这个例子演示了简单的修改一个byte[]的数据。
这个例子在eclipse里不能直接编译，要到项目的属性，Java Compiler，Errors/Warnings中Forbidden reference(access rules)中设置为warning。
另外，因为sun.misc.Unsafe包不能直接使用，所有代码里用反射的技巧得到了一个Unsafe的实例。
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.Arrays;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
public class Test {
private static int byteArrayBaseOffset;
public static void main(String[] args) throws SecurityException,
NoSuchFieldException, IllegalArgumentException,
IllegalAccessException {
Field theUnsafe = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
theUnsafe.setAccessible(true);
Unsafe UNSAFE = (Unsafe) theUnsafe.get(null);
System.out.println(UNSAFE);
byte[] data = new byte[10];
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data));
byteArrayBaseOffset = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class);
System.out.println(byteArrayBaseOffset);
UNSAFE.putByte(data, byteArrayBaseOffset, (byte) 1);
UNSAFE.putByte(data, byteArrayBaseOffset + 5, (byte) 5);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data));
}
}运行结果：
sun.misc.Unsafe@6af62373 [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] 24 [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0]