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资料来源：
https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/CNCPT/toc.htm
中文部分为本人的翻译，仅供参考。
| 概念 | 中文 | 描述 |
| access driver | 访问驱动程序 | In the external table infrastructure, the API that interprets the external data for the database. The access driver runs inside the database, which uses the driver to read the data in the external table. |
| access path | 访问路径 | The means by which data is retrieved from a database. For example, a query using an index and a query using a full table scan use different access paths. |
| ACID properties | ACID属性 | The basic properties of a database transaction that all Oracle Database transactions must obey. ACID is an acronym for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. |
| active online redo log file | 在线活动重做日志文件 | An online redo log file that may contain data that is required for database instance recovery. |
| active session | 活动会话 | A database session that is using CPU and is not waiting for an event in the idle wait class. |
| ASH (Active Session History) | 活动会话历史 | A part of the database self-management framework that samples active database sessions each second, writing the data to memory and persistent storage. |
| active transaction | 活动事务 | A transaction that has started but not yet committed or rolled back. |
| adaptive query optimization | 适应性查询优化 | A set of capabilities that enables the adaptive optimizer to make run-time adjustments to execution plans and discover additional information that can lead to better optimizer statistics. Adaptive optimization is helpful when existing statistics are not sufficient to generate an optimal plan. |
| ADDM (Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor) | 数据库自动诊断监视程序 | An Oracle Database infrastructure that enables a database to diagnose its own performance and determine how identified problems could be resolved. |
| ADR (Automatic Diagnostic Repository) | 自动诊断仓库 | A file-based hierarchical data store for managing information, including network tracing and logging. |
| ADR base | ADR根目录 | The ADR root directory. The ADR base can contain multiple ADR homes, where each ADR home is the root directory for all diagnostic data—traces, dumps, the alert log, and so on—for an instance of an Oracle product or component. |
| ADR home | ADR home | The root directory for all diagnostic data—traces, dumps, the alert log, and so on—for an instance of an Oracle product or component. For example, in an Oracle RAC environment with shared storage and Oracle ASM, each database instance and each Oracle ASM instance has its own ADR home. |
| advanced index compression | 高级索引压缩 | An extension of prefix compression that exploits shared intra-column level prefixes, duplicate key elimination, and rowid compression. |
| aggregate function | 聚合函数 | A function such as COUNT that operates on a group of rows to return a single row as a result. |
| alert log | 警告日志 | A file that provides a chronological log of database messages and errors. The alert log is stored in the ADR. |
| analytic function | 分析函数 | A function that operates on a group of rows to return multiple rows as a result. |
| analytic query | 分析查询 | A "what if" query that answers a business question. Typically, analytic queries involve joins and aggregation, and require scanning a very large amount of input data to produce a relatively small amount of output. |
| antijoin | 反连接 | A join that returns rows from the left side of the predicate for which there are no corresponding rows on the right side of the predicate. |
| application architecture | 应用架构 | The computing environment in which a database application connects to an Oracle database. The two most common database architectures are client/server and multitier. |
| application context | 应用背景 | An attribute name-value pair in a specified namespace. Applications set various contexts before executing actions on the database. |
| Application Continuity | 应用连续性 | A feature that enables the replay, in a nondisruptive and rapid manner, of a request against the database after a recoverable error that makes the database session unavailable. |
| application domain index | 应用域索引 | A customized index specific to an application. |
| application server | 应用服务器 | Software that provides an interface between the client and one or more database servers, and hosts the applications. |
| archived redo log file | 存档重做日志 | A member of the online redo log that has been archived by Oracle Database. The archived redo log files can be applied to a database backup in media recovery. |
| ARCHIVELOG mode | 存档日志模式 | A mode of the database that enables the archiving of the online redo log. |
| archiver process (ARCn) | 存档进程 | The background process that archives online redo log files. |
| archiving | 存档 | The operation of generating an archived redo log file. |
| ascending index | 升序索引 | An index in which data is stored in ascending order. By default, character data is ordered by the binary values contained in each byte of the value, numeric data from smallest to largest number, and date from earliest to latest value. |
| attribute-clustered table | 属性聚合表 | A heap-organized table that stores data in close proximity on disk based on user-specified clustering directives. |
| audit trail | 审计跟踪 | A location that stores audit records. |
| automatic memory management | 自动内存管理 | The mode in which Oracle Database manages the SGA and instance PGA memory completely automatically. |
| ASSM (automatic segment space management) | 自动段空间管理 | A method of storage space management that uses bitmaps to manage segment space instead of free lists. |
| automatic undo management mode | 自动撤销管理模式 | A mode of the database in which it automatically manages undo space in a dedicated undo tablespace. See also manual undo management mode. |
| AWR (Automatic Workload Repository) | 自动负载仓库 | A built-in repository in every Oracle database. Oracle Database periodically makes a snapshot of its vital statistics and workload information and stores them in AWR. |
| autonomous transaction | 自治事务 | A independent transaction that can be called from another transaction, called the main transaction. |
| AWR baseline | AWR基准 | A collection of statistic rates usually taken over a period when the system is performing well at peak load |
| AWR snapshot | AWR快照 | A set of performance statistics captured in AWR at a specific time. |
| B-tree index | B-tree索引 | An index organized like an upside-down tree. A B-tree index has two types of blocks: branch blocks for searching and leaf blocks that store values. The leaf blocks contain every indexed data value and a corresponding rowid used to locate the actual row. The "B" stands for "balanced" because all leaf blocks automatically stay at the same depth. |