1).本地存储设备的识别
df -h ---> 查看系统正在挂载的设备
fdisk -l ---> 查看系统中真实存在的设备
cat /proc/partitions ---> 查看系统识别的设备
blkid ---> 查看系统可以使用的设备
mount ---> 查看系统中的挂载信息
2).设备的挂载和卸载
- 设备名称
/dev/xdx ---> /dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda
/dev/sr0 ---> 光驱
/dev/mapper/* ---> 虚拟设备(用软件模拟出来的)
- 设备的挂载
mount 设备 挂载点
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt ---> 挂载sdb1到mnt
umount /mnt|/dev/sd1 ---> 卸载
mount -o,ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt ---> 只读挂载
mount ---> 查看挂载信息
mount -o,remount rw /dev/sdb1|/mnt ---> 重新读写挂载
- 解决设备正忙问题
[root@zhu mnt]# umount /mnt ---> 卸载设备；失败
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
解决方法1：
[root@zhu mnt]# lsof /mnt ---> 查看使用设备的进程
lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs
Output information may be incomplete.
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash 2650 root cwd DIR 8,17 16384 1 /mnt
lsof 3933 root cwd DIR 8,17 16384 1 /mnt
kill -9 2650 ---> 杀死使用设备的进程
umount /mnt ---> 卸载设备
解决方法2：
fuser -vm /mnt ---> 查看使用设备的进程
fuser -kvm /mnt ---> 查看并结束使用设备的进程
[root@zhu ~]# fuser -vm /mnt/
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/mnt: root kernel mount /mnt
kiosk 3699 ..c.. bash
root 4136 ..c.. bash
3).磁盘分区
fdisk -l ---> 查看磁盘分区
fdisk /dev/vdb ---> 编辑磁盘分区
[root@yu213 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ---> 编辑/dev/vdb磁盘分区
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x669d0c95.
Command (m for help): m ---> 查看分区帮助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ---> 删除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition ---> 新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ---> 显示分区信息
q quit without saving changes ---> 退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id ---> 修改分区id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ---> 保存
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n ---> 新建磁盘分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) ---> 主分区
e extended ---> 扩展分区
Select (default p): p ---> 选择主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ---> 主分区id用默认
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ---> 分区起始
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +500M ---> 分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set
#############
Command (m for help): p ---> 显示分区信息
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x669d0c95
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
<<<当系统已经有三个主分区时>>>
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): ---> 当有3个主分区时需要先划分扩展分区
Using default response e
Selected partition 4
First sector (3074048-20971519, default 3074048):
Using default value 3074048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3074048-20971519, default 20971519): ---> 默认把所有剩余空间都给扩展分区
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 8.5 GiB is set
ommand (m for help): p ---> 查看/dev/vdb的磁盘分区
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x669d0c95
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended
Command (m for help): wq ---> 保存磁盘分区并退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
4).挂载文件系统，格式化
[root@yu213 ~]# mkfs. ---> 双击tab健，查看挂载文件系统
mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.minix mkfs.xfs
mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext4 mkfs.msdos
mkfs.ext2 mkfs.fat mkfs.vfat
[root@yu213 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ---> 格式化/dev/vdb1
[root@yu213 ~]# vim /etc/fstab ---> 编辑配置文件；开机自动挂载
挂载磁盘 挂载地址 挂载文件系统 默认 不备份；不检测
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
[root@yu213 ~]# mount -a ---> 检查所有配置文件
5).swap分区管理
- 分区标签的改变
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
- swap分区建立
划分分区并设定分区标签为82
mkswap /dev/vdb6 ----> 将准备好的分区用作交换区
swapon -a /dev/vdb6 ----> 开启/dev/vdb6的swap分区
[root@yu213 ~]# swapon -s ----> 查看swap分区
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb6 partition 8434684 0 -1
- 分区的自动挂载
vim /etc/fstab ----> 编辑配置文件，开机自动启动
/dev/vdb6 swap swap defaults 0 0
- swap分区的删除
vim /etc/fstab ----> 删除配置文件关于swap的编辑
swapoff /dev/vdb6 ----> 停用该特定交换区的状态
swapon -s ----> 显示当前交换区的状态
6).给用户配置使用额度
[root@yu213 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5 ----> 格式化/dev/vdb5
[root@yu213 ~]#mkdir /kai ----> 创建一个目录
[root@yu213 ~]#mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb5 /kai
[root@yu213 ~]#edpuota -u student ----> 编辑文件
Disk quotas for user student (uid 1000):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/vdb5 20480 0 20480 1 0 0
[root@yu213 ~]#vim /etc/fstab ----> 编辑文件
/dev/vdb5 /kai xfs defaults,usrquota 0 0
测试：
[root@yu213 home]# su - student
[student@yu213 ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/kai/studentfile bs=1M count=30
dd: error writing ‘/kai/studentfile’: Disk quota exceeded
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 0.0183663 s, 1.1 GB/s
[student@yu213 ~]$ du -sh /kai/studentfile
20M /kai/studentfile
7).磁盘加密
[root@yu213 home]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb3
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb3 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
Enter passphrase:
Verify passphrase:
[root@yu213 home]# ll /dev/vdb3
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 19 Oct 28 16:32 /dev/vdb3
[root@yu213 home]# mount /dev/vdb3 /mnt
mount: unknown filesystem type 'crypto_LUKS'
[root@yu213 home]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb3 kai
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb3:
[root@yu213 home]# ll /dev/mapper/kai
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Oct 28 16:34 /dev/mapper/kai -> ../dm-0
[root@yu213 home]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/kai
[root@yu213 home]# mount /dev/mapper/kai /mnt
[root@yu213 home]# df
[root@yu213 home]# touch /mnt/file{1..10}
[root@yu213 home]# ll /mnt/
[root@yu213 home]# umount /mnt
[root@yu213 home]# df
[root@yu213 home]# cryptsetup close kai ---> 注意：关闭之后，/dev/mapper/kai文件消失，挂载原始设备也不能查看其中内容
[root@yu213 home]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb3 xin
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb3:
[root@yu213 home]# mount /dev/mapper/xin /mnt