Homebrew
官网
是什么
：macOS 缺失的软件包的管理器。Homebrew也称brew，macOS下基于命令行的最强大软件包管理工具，使用Ruby语言开发。类似于CentOS的yum或者Ubuntu的apt-get，brew能方便的管理软件的安装、更新、卸载，省去了手动编译或拖动安装的不便，更使得软件的管理更加集中化，解决了依赖包管理的烦恼。
Mac OS X是基于Unix的，它可以使用非常多Linux平台上开源的优秀工具，比如wget，比如dos2unix脚本工具等。
但是OS X系统本身却缺少Linux下得包管理器。比如Fedora的yum与dnf，比如Ubuntu的apt-get，比如ArchLinux的Pacman等。
于是这些优秀的开源软件在Mac上的安装只能通过下载源码，编译，安装，配置环境变量的步骤来完成安装。对于大部分的软件，在安装过程中是需要很多的依赖库的，手动去解决这些依赖库是十分痛苦的事情。包管理器干的就是这样的事情：解决软件安装过程中的依赖关系。
有一个开源的项目叫Homebrew，完美解决了Mac OS X上没有包管理器的尴尬。
安装
安装XCode或者Command Line Tools for Xcode。如果你使用XCode来进行软件的开发，那么只需要在App Store中安装Xcode即可。如果你像我一样，并不使用Xcode这个庞然大物来编码，那么可以安装Command Line Tools for Xcode。打开终端，键入以下代码完成安装。Homebrew 依赖于Xcode Command Line Tools，所以需先执行：
xcode-select --install
然后将以下命令粘贴至终端完成Homebrew的安装：
/usr/bin/ruby -e “$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)”
输入Password，是电脑的开机密码，我以为是Apple ID的密码，输了三次还是不对显示安装失败。注意这里，输入密码，终端是不会有任何显示的（输入了几个字符，用*代替之类的都不会有），这是电脑的保密措施不用在意，然后就会自动开始下载。
检查是否已经安装成功：
brew -v
Homebrew安装成功后，会自动创建目录 /usr/local/Cellar 来存放Homebrew安装的程序。 这时你在命令行状态下面就可以使用 brew 命令了。
我的安装过程：
Homebrew 能干什么?
使用 Homebrew 安装 Apple 没有预装但你需要的东西。
$ brew install wget
Homebrew 会将软件包安装到独立目录，并将其文件软链接至 /usr/local 。
$ cd /usr/local
$ find Cellar
Cellar/wget/1.16.1
Cellar/wget/1.16.1/bin/wget
Cellar/wget/1.16.1/share/man/man1/wget.1
$ ls -l bin
bin/wget -> ../Cellar/wget/1.16.1/bin/wget
Homebrew 不会将文件安装到它本身目录之外，所以您可将 Homebrew 安装到任意位置。
$ brew create https://foo.com/bar-1.0.tgz
Created /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-core/Formula/bar.rb
完全基于 Git 和 ruby，所以自由修改的同时你仍可以轻松撤销你的变更或与上游更新合并。
$ brew edit wget # 使用 $EDITOR 编辑!
Homebrew 的配方都是简单的 Ruby 脚本：
class Wget < Formula
homepage "https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/"
url "https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/wget/wget-1.15.tar.gz"
sha256 "52126be8cf1bddd7536886e74c053ad7d0ed2aa89b4b630f76785bac21695fcd"
def install
system "./configure", "--prefix=#{prefix}"
system "make", "install"
end
end
Homebrew 使 macOS 更完整。使用 gem 来安装 gems、用 brew 来安装那些依赖包。
“To install, drag this icon…” no more. brew cask installs macOS apps, fonts and plugins and other non-open source software.
$ brew cask install firefox
Making a cask is as simple as creating a formula.
$ brew cask create foo
Editing /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-cask/Casks/foo.rb
简单使用
安装软件：brew install 软件名，例：brew install wget
搜索软件：brew search 软件名，例：brew search wget
卸载软件：brew uninstall 软件名，例：brew uninstall wget
更新所有软件：brew update
更新具体软件：brew upgrade 软件名 ，例：brew upgrade git
显示已安装软件：brew list
查看软件信息：brew info／home 软件名 ，例：brew info git ／ brew home gitPS：brew home指令是用浏览器打开官方网页
查看软件信息查看哪些已安装的程序需要更新： brew outdated
显示包依赖：brew reps
显示帮助：brew help
卸载
非官方版本这一部分我是在直接在非官网找的卸载指令
cd brew –prefix
brew prunerm git ls-files
rm -r /usr/local/Homebrew
rm -rf .gitrm -rf ~/Library/Caches/Homebrew
rm -rf /usr/local/opt
rm -rf /usr/local/Caskroom
rm -rf /usr/local/var/homebrew
如果提示没有权限，需要在rm命令前加上sudo
基本用法：
基于brew安装的所有软件及其依赖均会安装到目录/usr/local/Cellar
1Brew帮助信息
$ brew help
Example usage:
brew search [TEXT|/REGEX/]
brew info [FORMULA…]
brew install FORMULA…
brew update
brew upgrade [FORMULA…]
brew uninstall FORMULA…
brew list [FORMULA…]
Troubleshooting:
brew config
brew doctor
brew install --verbose --debug FORMULA
Contributing:
brew create [URL [–no-fetch]]
brew edit [FORMULA…]
Further help:
brew commands
brew help [COMMAND]
man brew
https://docs.brew.sh
2子命令帮助信息
brew help [COMMAND]或brew [COMMAND] -h 用于查看具体某个子命令的帮助信息。
例如，查看install命令的帮助详情：
$ brew install -h
brew install [--debug] [--env=(std|super)] [--ignore-dependencies|--only-dependencies] [--cc=compiler] [--build-from-source|--force-bottle] [--include-test] [--devel|--HEAD] [--keep-tmp] [--build-bottle] [--force] [--verbose] formula [options ...]:
Install formula.
formula is usually the name of the formula to install, but it can be specified
in several different ways. See [SPECIFYING FORMULAE](#specifying-formulae).
If --debug (or -d) is passed and brewing fails, open an interactive debugging
session with access to IRB or a shell inside the temporary build directory.
If --env=std is passed, use the standard build environment instead of superenv.
If --env=super is passed, use superenv even if the formula specifies the
standard build environment.
If --ignore-dependencies is passed, skip installing any dependencies of
any kind. If they are not already present, the formula will probably fail
to install.
If --only-dependencies is passed, install the dependencies with specified
options but do not install the specified formula.
If --cc=compiler is passed, attempt to compile using compiler.
compiler should be the name of the compiler's executable, for instance
gcc-4.2 for Apple's GCC 4.2, or gcc-4.9 for a Homebrew-provided GCC
4.9.
If --build-from-source (or -s) is passed, compile the specified formula from
source even if a bottle is provided. Dependencies will still be installed
from bottles if they are available.
If HOMEBREW_BUILD_FROM_SOURCE is set, regardless of whether --build-from-source was
passed, then both formula and the dependencies installed as part of this process
are built from source even if bottles are available.
If --force-bottle is passed, install from a bottle if it exists for the
current or newest version of macOS, even if it would not normally be used
for installation.
If --include-test is passed, install testing dependencies. These are only
needed by formulae maintainers to run brew test.
If --devel is passed, and formula defines it, install the development version.
If --HEAD is passed, and formula defines it, install the HEAD version,
aka master, trunk, unstable.
If --keep-tmp is passed, the temporary files created during installation
are not deleted.
If --build-bottle is passed, prepare the formula for eventual bottling
during installation.
If --force (or -f) is passed, install without checking for previously
installed keg-only or non-migrated versions
If --verbose (or -v) is passed, print the verification and postinstall steps.
Installation options specific to formula may be appended to the command,
and can be listed with brew options formula.
brew install --interactive [--git] formula:
If --interactive (or -i) is passed, download and patch formula, then
open a shell. This allows the user to run ./configure --help and
otherwise determine how to turn the software package into a Homebrew
formula.
If --git (or -g) is passed, Homebrew will create a Git repository, useful for
creating patches to the software.
3搜索软件
brew search [TEXT|/REGEX/] 用于搜索软件，支持使用正则表达式进行复杂的搜索。
例如，查询静态博客生成工具hugo：
$ brew search hugo
==> Searching local taps...
hugo ✔
==> Searching taps on GitHub...
==> Searching blacklisted, migrated and deleted formulae...
4查看软件信息
brew info [FORMULA…] 用于查询软件的详细信息。
例如，查看软件hugo的详细信息：
$ brew info hugo
hugo: stable 0.38.2 (bottled), HEAD
Configurable static site generator
https://gohugo.io/
/usr/local/Cellar/hugo/0.38.2 (32 files, 28.0MB) *
Poured from bottle on 2018-04-19 at 10:11:29
From: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/git/homebrew/homebrew-core.git/Formula/hugo.rb
==> Dependencies
Build: dep ✔, go ✔
==> Options
--HEAD
Install HEAD version
==> Caveats
Bash completion has been installed to:
/usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d
以上查询所得信息，包含了软件的最新可用版本，本机是否已安装，本机已安装的版本，安装的路径、大小、时间、Tap 源，所依赖的包，以及安装的可选项等详细信息。而这些信息可以帮助我们很方便快捷的了解如何对该软件进行相应的操作。
5安装软件包
brew install FORMULA… 用于安装一个或多个软件。
例如，安装软件hugo：
$ brew install hugo
安装软件命令执行之前，brew 一般会先检查更新 Homebrew 自身及 Tap 源。
6更新软件包
brew upgrade [FORMULA…] 用于更新一个或多个软件，不指定软件名则更新所有软件。
7卸载软件包
brew uninstall FORMULA… 用于卸载指定的一个或多个软件
brew uninstall --force FORMULA… 彻底卸载指定软件，包括旧版本
8已安装的软件列表
brew list 用于查询本机已安装的软件列表
9服务管理
brew services 用于方便的管理 brew 安装的软件软件，类似于 Linux 下的 service 命令。
查看brew services帮助信息：
$ brew services
brew services command:
Integrates Homebrew formulae with macOS' launchctl manager.
[sudo] brew services list
List all running services for the current user (or root)
[sudo] brew services run formula|--all
Run the service formula without starting at login (or boot).
[sudo] brew services start formula|--all
Start the service formula immediately and register it to launch at login (or boot).
[sudo] brew services stop formula|--all
Stop the service formula immediately and unregister it from launching at login (or boot).
[sudo] brew services restart formula|--all
Stop (if necessary) and start the service immediately and register it to launch at login (or boot).
[sudo] brew services cleanup
Remove all unused services.
If sudo is passed, operate on /Library/LaunchDaemons (started at boot).
Otherwise, operate on ~/Library/LaunchAgents (started at login).
查询服务列表：
$ brew services list
Name Status User Plist
redis stopped
php56 started shocker /usr/local/opt/php56/homebrew.mxcl.php56.plist
mongodb started shocker /usr/local/opt/mongodb/homebrew.mxcl.mongodb.plist
memcached stopped
httpd stopped
nginx started shocker /usr/local/opt/nginx/homebrew.mxcl.nginx.plist
etcd stopped
[email protected] started shocker /usr/local/opt/[email protected]/[email protected]
10检查可更新的软件列表
brew outdated 可查询有更新版本的软件
brew outdated
wget (1.18) < 1.19.4_1
redis (3.2.8) < 4.0.9
brotli (1.0.3) < 1.0.4
glib (2.56.0) < 2.56.1
etcd (3.2.6) < 3.3.3
tmux (2.3_2) < 2.6
[email protected] (1.1.0e) < 1.1.0h
[email protected] (5.6.34) < 5.6.39
libzip (1.5.0) < 1.5.1
bash-completion (1.3_1) < 1.3_3
11清理软件
brew cleanup -n 列出需要清理的内容
brew cleanup 清理所有的过时软件
brew cleanup [FORMULA] 清理指定软件的过时包
$ brew cleanup
Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/wget/1.18... (9 files, 1.6MB)
Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/libxml2/2.9.4_2... (277 files, 9.8MB)
Warning: Skipping redis: most recent version 4.0.9 not installed
Warning: Skipping brotli: most recent version 1.0.4 not installed
Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/icu4c/60.1... (249 files, 66.9MB)
Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/icu4c/60.2... (249 files, 67MB)
Warning: Skipping glib: most recent version 2.56.1 not installed
Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/readline/7.0... (45 files, 2MB)
Removing: /usr/local/Cellar/unixodbc/2.3.4... (39 files, 952.3KB)
Removing: /Users/shocker/Library/Logs/Homebrew/go... (64B)
Removing: /Users/shocker/Library/Logs/Homebrew/glide... (64B)
...
==> This operation has freed approximately 214.1MB of disk space.
12查看配置信息
brew config 用于查看 brew 所在环境及相关的配置情况
$ brew config
HOMEBREW_VERSION: 1.6.1
ORIGIN: https://github.com/Homebrew/brew.git
HEAD: 5a2817cb023ca5e929fe030d423002992bdabf1b
Last commit: 7 days ago
Core tap ORIGIN: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/git/homebrew/homebrew-core.git
Core tap HEAD: 0aeb738f9f10ba3edd4edda9551fe11441bec458
Core tap last commit: 11 days ago
HOMEBREW_PREFIX: /usr/local
HOMEBREW_BOTTLE_DOMAIN: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/homebrew-bottles
CPU: quad-core 64-bit haswell
Homebrew Ruby: 2.3.3 => /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/vendor/portable-ruby/2.3.3/bin/ruby
Clang: 9.1 build 902
Git: 2.15.1 => /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/git
Curl: 7.54.0 => /usr/bin/curl
Java: 9.0.4
macOS: 10.13.4-x86_64
CLT: 9.3.0.0.1.1521514116
Xcode: N/A
XQuartz: N/A
13诊断问题
brew doctor 诊断当前 brew 存在哪些问题，并给出解决方案
14仓库管理
brew tap 已安装的仓库列表
$ brew tap
Updating Homebrew...
caskroom/cask
homebrew/core
homebrew/services
peckrob/php
phinze/cask
brew tap [–full] user/repo [URL] 添加仓库
brew untap tap 移除仓库
镜像
清华大学开源镜像：https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/homebrew/
