源码角度理解dubbo是如何创建一个具体的Protocol类的

首先基于dubbo的扩展机制，Protocol生成起始自适应的代理类Protocol$Adaptive(在com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.ExtensionLoader#createAdaptiveExtensionClass方法中生成的类字符串并编译成字节码加载的):

package com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc;
import com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.ExtensionLoader;
public class Protocol$Adaptive implements com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol {
public void destroy() {throw new UnsupportedOperationException("method public abstract void com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol.destroy() of interface com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol is not adaptive method!");
}
public int getDefaultPort() {throw new UnsupportedOperationException("method public abstract int com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol.getDefaultPort() of interface com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol is not adaptive method!");
}
public com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Exporter export(com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Invoker arg0) throws com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.RpcException {
if (arg0 == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Invoker argument == null");
if (arg0.getUrl() == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Invoker argument getUrl() == null");com.alibaba.dubbo.common.URL url = arg0.getUrl();
String extName = ( url.getProtocol() == null ? "dubbo" : url.getProtocol() );
if(extName == null) throw new IllegalStateException("Fail to get extension(com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol) name from url(" + url.toString() + ") use keys([protocol])");
com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol extension = (com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol)ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol.class).getExtension(extName);
return extension.export(arg0);
}
public com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Invoker refer(java.lang.Class arg0, com.alibaba.dubbo.common.URL arg1) throws com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.RpcException {
if (arg1 == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("url == null");
com.alibaba.dubbo.common.URL url = arg1;
String extName = ( url.getProtocol() == null ? "dubbo" : url.getProtocol() );
if(extName == null) throw new IllegalStateException("Fail to get extension(com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol) name from url(" + url.toString() + ") use keys([protocol])");
com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol extension = (com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol)ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol.class).getExtension(extName);
return extension.refer(arg0, arg1);
}
}

在调用refer或者export方法的时候，通过url.getProtocol()获得具体的协议扩展名，比如dubbo.然后通过:

com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol extension = (com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol)ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol.class).getExtension(extName);

根据dubbo的spi机制，找到META-INF/dubbo/internal/com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol扩展配置文件中对应的dubbo扩展名的具体扩展实现类:

dubbo=com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.protocol.dubbo.DubboProtocol

在com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.ExtensionLoader#getExtension("dubbo")方法中会调用:

com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.ExtensionLoader#createExtension("dubbo")方法：
 

private T createExtension(String name) {
        Class<?> clazz = getExtensionClasses().get(name);
        if (clazz == null) {
            throw findException(name);
        }
        try {
            T instance = (T) EXTENSION_INSTANCES.get(clazz);
            if (instance == null) {
                EXTENSION_INSTANCES.putIfAbsent(clazz, clazz.newInstance());
                instance = (T) EXTENSION_INSTANCES.get(clazz);
            }
            injectExtension(instance);
            Set<Class<?>> wrapperClasses = cachedWrapperClasses;
            if (wrapperClasses != null && !wrapperClasses.isEmpty()) {
                for (Class<?> wrapperClass : wrapperClasses) {
                    instance = injectExtension((T) wrapperClass.getConstructor(type).newInstance(instance));
                }
            }
            return instance;
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Extension instance(name: " + name + ", class: " +
                    type + ")  could not be instantiated: " + t.getMessage(), t);
        }
    }

该方法中通过反射的方式实例化了DubboProtocol扩展实现类，然后还将该实现类进行了包装Wrapper,包装的代码片段主要是：

 Set<Class<?>> wrapperClasses = cachedWrapperClasses;
            if (wrapperClasses != null && !wrapperClasses.isEmpty()) {
                for (Class<?> wrapperClass : wrapperClasses) {
                    instance = injectExtension((T) wrapperClass.getConstructor(type).newInstance(instance));
                }
            }

这里的wrapperClasses集合也是来自META-INF/dubbo/internal/com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.Protocol扩展配置文件:

filter=com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.protocol.ProtocolFilterWrapper
listener=com.alibaba.dubbo.rpc.protocol.ProtocolListenerWrapper
qos=com.alibaba.dubbo.qos.protocol.QosProtocolWrapper

有这三个Wrapper,包装不分先后顺序,所以我们最终使用的Protocol接口的实现类是一个Wrapper类，比如: