Django 提供了基于 web 的管理工具。
Django 自动管理工具是 django.contrib 的一部分。你可以在项目的 settings.py 中的 INSTALLED_APPS 看到它:
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
"app01"
]
django.contrib是一套庞大的功能集,它是Django基本代码的组成部分。
激活管理工具
通常我们在生成项目时会在 urls.py 中自动设置好,
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
当这一切都配置好后,Django 管理工具就可以运行了。
使用管理工具
启动开发服务器,然后在浏览器中访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/,得到登陆界面,你可以通过命令 python manage.py createsuperuser 来创建超级用户。
为了让 admin 界面管理某个数据模型,我们需要先注册该数据模型到 admin
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Author(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
age = models.IntegerField()
# 与AuthorDetail建立一对一的关系
authorDetail=models.OneToOneField(to="AuthorDetail", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class AuthorDetail(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
birthday = models.DateField()
telephone = models.BigIntegerField()
addr = models.CharField(max_length=64)
class Publish(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
city = models.CharField(max_length=32)
email = models.EmailField()
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class Book(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
title = models.CharField(max_length=32)
publishDate = models.DateField()
price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
# 与Publish建立一对多的关系,外键字段建立在多的一方
publish = models.ForeignKey(to="Publish", to_field="nid", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# 与Author表建立多对多的关系,ManyToManyField可以建在两个模型中的任意一个,自动创建第三张表
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author',)
def __str__(self):
return self.title
admin的定制
在admin.py中只需要讲Mode中的某个类注册,即可在Admin中实现增删改查的功能,如:
admin.site.register(models.UserInfo)
但是,这种方式比较简单,如果想要进行更多的定制操作,需要利用ModelAdmin进行操作,如:
方式一:
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('user', 'pwd',)
admin.site.register(models.UserInfo, UserAdmin) # 第一个参数可以是列表
方式二:
@admin.register(models.UserInfo) # 第一个参数可以是列表
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('user', 'pwd',)
ModelAdmin中提供了大量的可定制功能,如
from django.contrib import admin
from app01.models import Book,Publish,Author,AuthorDetail
# Register your models here.
# 自定义配置类
class BookConfig(admin.ModelAdmin):
# 1. list_display,列表时,定制显示的列。
# 但是要注意,多对多关系的字段不能写进去,因为django不知道以什么分割,
# 所以会报错,但是一对多,多对一的可以
list_display = ["title", "price", "publishDate", "publish"]
# 2. list_display_links,列表时,定制列可以点击跳转。如果不写link,默认为第一列
# 写了以后,可以写多个字段跳转
list_display_links = ["title", "price", "publishDate"]
# 3. list_filter,列表时,定制右侧快速筛选。
list_filter = ["title", "price", "publish", "authors"]
# 4. search_fields,列表时,模糊搜索的功能
search_fields = ["title", "price","publish__name"]
# 5.action,列表时,定制action中的操作
# 也就是批量操作
def patch_init(self, request, queryset):
queryset.update(price=100)
patch_init.short_description = "price 初始化 "
actions = [patch_init]
# 必须第二个参数要有
admin.site.register(Book, BookConfig)
class PublishConfig(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ["name", "email"]
admin.site.register(Publish, PublishConfig)
admin.site.register(Author)
admin.site.register(AuthorDetail)
# 一启动项目,就会执行这个
print("_registry:******", admin.site._registry)
# 总共有六个键值对,其中四个是我们自己写的model,剩下两个是django自带的,
# 其中有两个是自定义的,两个是默认的,两个是django自带的
# _registry:****** {
# <class 'app01.models.Book'>: <app01.admin.BookConfig object at 0x000002898B14E908>,
# <class 'django.contrib.auth.models.User'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin object at 0x000002898B144358>,
# <class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x000002898B118550>,
# <class 'app01.models.AuthorDetail'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x000002898B14E9B0>,
# <class 'app01.models.Author'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x000002898B14E978>,
# <class 'app01.models.Publish'>: <app01.admin.PublishConfig object at 0x000002898B14E940>
# }
详见:
1. list_display,列表时,定制显示的列。
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('user', 'pwd', 'xxxxx')
def xxxxx(self, obj):
return "xxxxx"
2. list_display_links,列表时,定制列可以点击跳转。
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('user', 'pwd', 'xxxxx')
list_display_links = ('pwd',)
3. list_filter,列表时,定制右侧快速筛选。
4. list_select_related,列表时,连表查询是否自动select_related
5. list_editable,列表时,可以编辑的列
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('user', 'pwd','ug',)
list_editable = ('ug',)
6. search_fields,列表时,模糊搜索的功能
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
search_fields = ('user', 'pwd')
7. date_hierarchy,列表时,对Date和DateTime类型进行搜索
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
date_hierarchy = 'ctime'
8 inlines,详细页面,如果有其他表和当前表做FK,那么详细页面可以进行动态增加和删除
class UserInfoInline(admin.StackedInline): # TabularInline
extra = 0
model = models.UserInfo
class GroupAdminMode(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('id', 'title',)
inlines = [UserInfoInline, ]
9 action,列表时,定制action中的操作
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
# 定制Action行为具体方法
def func(self, request, queryset):
print(self, request, queryset)
print(request.POST.getlist('_selected_action'))
func.short_description = "中文显示自定义Actions"
actions = [func, ]
# Action选项都是在页面上方显示
actions_on_top = True
# Action选项都是在页面下方显示
actions_on_bottom = False
# 是否显示选择个数
actions_selection_counter = True
10 定制HTML模板
add_form_template = None
change_form_template = None
change_list_template = None
delete_confirmation_template = None
delete_selected_confirmation_template = None
object_history_template = None
11 raw_id_fields,详细页面,针对FK和M2M字段变成以Input框形式
@admin.register(models.UserInfo) class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): raw_id_fields = ('FK字段', 'M2M字段',)
12 fields,详细页面时,显示字段的字段
@admin.register(models.UserInfo) class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): fields = ('user',)
13 exclude,详细页面时,排除的字段
@admin.register(models.UserInfo) class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): exclude = ('user',)
14 readonly_fields,详细页面时,只读字段
@admin.register(models.UserInfo) class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): readonly_fields = ('user',)
15 fieldsets,详细页面时,使用fieldsets标签对数据进行分割显示
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fieldsets = (
('基本数据', {
'fields': ('user', 'pwd', 'ctime',)
}),
('其他', {
'classes': ('collapse', 'wide', 'extrapretty'), # 'collapse','wide', 'extrapretty'
'fields': ('user', 'pwd'),
}),
)
16 详细页面时,M2M显示时,数据移动选择(方向:上下和左右)
@admin.register(models.UserInfo) class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): filter_vertical = ("m2m字段",) # 或filter_horizontal = ("m2m字段",)
17 ordering,列表时,数据排序规则
@admin.register(models.UserInfo) class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): ordering = ('-id',) 或 def get_ordering(self, request): return ['-id', ]
18. radio_fields,详细页面时,使用radio显示选项(FK默认使用select)
radio_fields = {"ug": admin.VERTICAL} # 或admin.HORIZONTAL
19 form = ModelForm,用于定制用户请求时候表单验证
from app01 import models
from django.forms import ModelForm
from django.forms import fields
class MyForm(ModelForm):
others = fields.CharField()
class Meta:
model = models = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__"
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
form = MyForm
20 empty_value_display = "列数据为空时,显示默认值"
@admin.register(models.UserInfo)
class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
empty_value_display = "列数据为空时,默认显示"
list_display = ('user','pwd','up')
def up(self,obj):
return obj.user
up.empty_value_display = "指定列数据为空时,默认显示"
admin执行流程
<1> 循环加载执行所有已经注册的app中的admin.py文件
1 启动 django启动后,会加载settings中的install_app admin.py: from django.contrib.admin.sites import AdminSite, site autodiscover_modules('admin', register_to=site):加载每一个app下的admin.py文件
<2> admin.site
这里应用的是一个单例模式,对于AdminSite类的一个单例模式,执行的每一个app中的每一个admin.site都是一个对象
<3> 执行register方法
admin.site.register(Book, BookAdmin)
admin.site.register(Publish)
复制代码
class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):pass
def register(self, model_or_iterable, admin_class=None, **options):
if not admin_class:
admin_class = ModelAdmin
# Instantiate the admin class to save in the registry
self._registry[model] = admin_class(model, self)
复制代码
在每一个app的admin .py中加上
# 一启动项目,就会执行这个
print("_registry:******", admin.site._registry)
# 总共有六个键值对,其中四个是我们自己写的model,剩下两个是django自带的,
# 其中有两个是自定义的,两个是默认的,两个是django自带的
# _registry:****** {
# <class 'app01.models.Book'>: <app01.admin.BookConfig object at 0x000002898B14E908>,
# <class 'django.contrib.auth.models.User'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin object at 0x000002898B144358>,
# <class 'django.contrib.auth.models.Group'>: <django.contrib.auth.admin.GroupAdmin object at 0x000002898B118550>,
# <class 'app01.models.AuthorDetail'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x000002898B14E9B0>,
# <class 'app01.models.Author'>: <django.contrib.admin.options.ModelAdmin object at 0x000002898B14E978>,
# <class 'app01.models.Publish'>: <app01.admin.PublishConfig object at 0x000002898B14E940>
# }
这样注册就完成了
admin的URL配置:
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), ]
class AdminSite(object):
def get_urls(self):
from django.conf.urls import url, include
urlpatterns = []
# Add in each model's views, and create a list of valid URLS for the
# app_index
valid_app_labels = []
for model, model_admin in self._registry.items():
urlpatterns += [
url(r'^%s/%s/' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name), include(model_admin.urls)),
]
if model._meta.app_label not in valid_app_labels:
valid_app_labels.append(model._meta.app_label)
return urlpatterns
@property
def urls(self):
return self.get_urls(), 'admin', self.name
<6> url()方法的扩展应用
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
def test01(request):
return HttpResponse("test01")
def test02(request):
return HttpResponse("test02")
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^yuan/', ([
url(r'^test01/', test01),
url(r'^test02/', test02),
],None,None)),
]
扩展优化
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
def change_list_view(request):
return HttpResponse("change_list_view")
def add_view(request):
return HttpResponse("add_view")
def delete_view(request):
return HttpResponse("delete_view")
def change_view(request):
return HttpResponse("change_view")
def get_urls():
temp=[
url(r"^$".format(app_name,model_name),change_list_view),
url(r"^add/$".format(app_name,model_name),add_view),
url(r"^\d+/del/$".format(app_name,model_name),delete_view),
url(r"^\d+/change/$".format(app_name,model_name),change_view),
]
return temp
url_list=[]
for model_class,obj in admin.site._registry.items():
model_name=model_class._meta.model_name
app_name=model_class._meta.app_label
# temp=url(r"{0}/{1}/".format(app_name,model_name),(get_urls(),None,None))
temp=url(r"{0}/{1}/".format(app_name,model_name),include(get_urls()))
url_list.append(temp)
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^yuan/', (url_list,None,None)),
]
其中:新知识点就是:
model._meta.model_name :模型表的名称 model._meta.app_label :模型表所在app的名称