1、保险起见,备份 Ubuntu12.04 源列表
# cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup
2、修改源列表文件
# vi /etc/apt/sources.list
3、把里面的列表替换成下面的列表
【163源 http://mirrors.163.com/ 】
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)] deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
【sohu源】
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
【ubuntu.cn99.com源】
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu-cn/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
【电子科技大学】
deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
【中国科技大学】
deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
【北京理工大学】
deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
4、更新软件源
# apt-get update
我使用的是163源,出现如下提示即更新成功:
......Hit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/main Translation-enHit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/multiverse Translation-enHit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/restricted Translation-enHit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/universe Translation-enReading package lists... Done
在 sources.list 文件中,我们看到很多“main,restricted,universe,multiverse”的字眼,这里顺便说一下它们的区别:
- main —— 完全的自由软件。
- restricted —— 不完全的自由软件。
- universe —— ubuntu官方不提供支持与补丁,全靠社区支持。
- muitiverse —— 非自由软件,完全不提供支持和补丁。
以及 precise 的字眼,其实 precise 是 Ubuntu 12.04 的 Code name,更多 Code name 如下所示:
- Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)
- Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)
- Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)
- Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)
- Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)
- Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)
- Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)
- Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)
- Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
- Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)
- Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)
- Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx)
- Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)
- Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal)
- Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)
- Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin)
- Ubuntu 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal)
- Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail)
- Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander)
- Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)
- Ubuntu 14.10 (Utopic Unicorn)
- Ubuntu 15.04 (Vivid Vervet)
- Ubuntu 15.10 (Wily Werewolf)
-
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)
那么,除了 apt-get update,我们平常还会看到 apt-get upgrade 以及 apt-get dist-upgrade,它们的区别是什么呢?查阅相关资料,有如下解释:
An update should always be performed before an upgrade or dist-upgrade. upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions available are retrieved and upgraded.
也就是说:
update 是同步 /etc/apt/sources.list 和 /etc/apt/sources.list.d 中列出的源的索引,这样才能获取到最新的软件包。
upgrade 是升级已安装的所有软件包,升级之后的版本就是本地索引里的,因此,在执行 upgrade 之前一定要执行 update, 这样才能是最新的。
由于包与包之间存在各种依赖关系,upgrade只是简单的更新包,不管这些依赖,它不和添加包,或是删除包。而dist-upgrade可以根据依赖关系的变化,添加包,删除包。
附ubuntu12.04.2 LTS-amd64的原source.list(/etc/apt/sources.list)
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ dists/precise/main/binary-i386/ # deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ dists/precise/restricted/binary-i386/ # deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ precise main restricted # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team. deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's ## 'partner' repository. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users. # deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner # deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party ## developers who want to ship their latest software. deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main