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了解android驱动框架：
1.方法1——jni调用底层驱动
在android框架中写入c/c++直接调用底层linux驱动，并向上提供jni接口给应用程序：
优点：简单易行；
缺点：主要在于驱动程序，由于在linux中需要遵循GPL协议，需要开源，而许多厂商的一些代码不希望开源。
2.方法2——增加硬件抽象层
将驱动程序一分为二，一部分开源在内核中，一部分不开源在android框架中：
led android驱动：
从这里我们将看到整个应用框架层到底层驱动的走向。首先，无论是哪种方法，我们都需要实现一个linux驱动以供上层访问led资源。
1.linux驱动：
linux的字符设备驱动编写：
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
static struct cdev dev;
static dev_t dev_num;
#define GPM4CON 0x110002E0
#define GPM4DAT 0X110002E4
#define LED_ON _IOW('G',0,int)
#define LED_OFF _IOW('G',1,int)
static unsigned int *led_con = NULL;
static unsigned int *led_dat = NULL;
static struct class *led_class = NULL;
static long led_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
switch(cmd)
{
case LED_ON:
{
writel(readl(led_dat)& ~(0x1<<arg), led_dat);
break;
}
case LED_OFF:
{
writel(readl(led_dat)| (0x1<<arg), led_dat);
break;
}
default:
{
return -EINVAL;
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
static struct file_operations led_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.unlocked_ioctl = led_ioctl,
};
static void hw_init()//GPM4_0-3
{
//1.2.1 映射地址
led_con = ioremap(GPM4CON,4);
led_dat = ioremap(GPM4DAT,4);
//1.2.2 设置为输出状态
writel((readl(led_con)& ~0xffff) | 0x1111, led_con);
//1.2.3 设置为高电平
writel(readl(led_dat)|0xf, led_dat);
}
static int led_init()
{
//1.1 cdev字符设备初始化
//1.1.1 分配cdev结构(静态分配)
//1.1.2 初始化cdev结构
alloc_chrdev_region(&dev_num,0,1,"callon_led");
cdev_init(&dev, &led_fops);
dev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
//1.1.3 注册cdev结构
cdev_add(&dev,dev_num,1);
//1.2 硬件初始化
hw_init();
//1.3 创建设备文件
//1.3.1 创建类
led_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,"callon_led");
//1.3.2 创建设备
device_create(led_class,NULL,dev_num,NULL,"%s","callon_led");
printk("init led device is OK!\n");
return 0;
}
static void led_exit()
{
device_destroy(led_class,dev_num);
class_destroy(led_class);
iounmap(led_dat);
iounmap(led_con);
cdev_del(&dev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev_num,1);
}
module_init(led_init);
module_exit(led_exit);
2 实现第一种方法：
首先，说明一下为什么使用jni：
1.基于对代码的保护，java相对容易被反编译，而c/c++库反汇编难度较大；
2.可以方便地使用现存的开源库；
3.提高执行效率；
4.java在某些文件操作方面，找不到相关的API，如此处的ioctl.
其次，为什么使用ndk？
ndk提供了一系列的工具，能够帮助开发者快速开发c/c++的动态库，并能自动将.so动态库和java一起打包成apk.
第一种方法的设计思路如下所示：
在第一步中想要使用javah命令自动产生头文件需要先编写app程序，但是此时的app程序并不需要很完善，只需要提出一个你想要的native接口就好（但是你的android程序必须要Rebuild正确才会正确产生头文件）：
package com.led.ndk.example.callon.ndk_led;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.CheckBox;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
private CheckBox[] Led = new CheckBox[4];
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Led[0] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led1);
Led[1] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led2);
Led[2] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led3);
Led[3] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led4);
}
private void SendCmd(View view)
{
for(int i =1; i<5; i++)
{
if(Led[i].isChecked())
{
cmdLeds(1, i);
}
else
{
cmdLeds(0, i);
}
}
}
public native void cmdLeds(int cmd, int arg);
}
根据如上简单的app，使用命令：
javah -d jni -classpath 你的sdk目录/platforms/你的平台名/android.jar:你的应用程序/app/build/intermediates/classes/debug/ 你的包名.主类名
如：
javah -d jni -classpath /opt/AndroidSDK/platforms/android-23/android.jar:/home/callon/Downloads/callon_ndk_led/ndk_led/app/build/intermediates/classes/debug/ com.led.ndk.example.callon.ndk_led.MainActivity
此时自动产生出jni文件夹，其中包含头文件com_led_ndk_example_callon_ndk_led_MainActivity.h，头文件比较重要的：
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_led_ndk_example_callon_ndk_1led_MainActivity_cmdLeds
(JNIEnv *, jobject, jint, jint);这也就是我们编写源文件需要实现的方法名，下面直接编写源文件：
#include "com_led_ndk_example_callon_ndk_led_MainActivity.h"
#include <jni.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define LED_ON _IOW('G',0,int)
#define LED_OFF _IOW('G',1,int)
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_led_ndk_example_callon_ndk_1led_MainActivity_cmdLeds
(JNIEnv * env, jobject thiz, jint cmd, jint arg)
{
int fd;
int temp_cmd;
fd = open("/dev/callon_led",O_WRONLY);
if(cmd == 1)
temp_cmd = LED_ON;
else
temp_cmd = LED_OFF;
ioctl(fd, temp_cmd, arg);
close(fd);
}就是一些对内核驱动文件的操作，然后编写Android.mk即makefile：
LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
include $(CLEAR_VARS)
LOCAL_MODULE := callon_ndk_led
LOCAL_SRC_FILES := ndk_led.c
include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)callon@ubuntu:~/Downloads/callon_ndk_led/jni$ ls
Android.mk com_led_ndk_example_callon_ndk_led_MainActivity.h ndk_led.c
callon@ubuntu:~/Downloads/callon_ndk_led/jni$ cd ..
callon@ubuntu:~/Downloads/callon_ndk_led$ ndk-build
[armeabi] Compile thumb : callon_ndk_led <= ndk_led.c
[armeabi] SharedLibrary : libcallon_ndk_led.so
[armeabi] Install : libcallon_ndk_led.so => libs/armeabi/libcallon_ndk_led.so
callon@ubuntu:~/Downloads/callon_ndk_led$ 最后一步，完善app：
首先，用Project形式来看我们的app，并在app->src->main下创建一个目录"jniLibs"；
然后，将我们.so所在的armeabi目录拷贝到jniLibs目录下；
最后在我们的app代码的最后加上：
static
{
System.loadLibrary("callon_ndk_led");
}然后Rebuild Project即可！
3 实现第二种方法：
1.HAL程序编写：
首先在 安卓源代码根目录/hardware/libhardware/modules/下创建自己的hal代码存放路径，如led。
最终编写的文件为：安卓源代码根目录/hardware/libhardware/modules/led/led_hal.c和Android.mk，安卓源代码根目录/hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/led.h。
#include <cutils/log.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <hardware/led.h>
#include <hardware/hardware.h>
#define LOG_TAG "callon_led"
static int fd;
static int led_close(struct hw_device_t *device)
{
struct led_device_t* led = (struct led_device_t*)device;
free(led);
close(fd);
return 0;
}
int led_on(struct led_device_t* dev,int arg)
{
ioctl(fd,LED_ON,arg);
return 0;
}
int led_off(struct led_device_t* dev,int arg)
{
ioctl(fd,LED_OFF,arg);
return 0;
}
static struct led_device_t led_dev = {
.led_device = {
.tag = HARDWARE_DEVICE_TAG,
.close = led_close,
},
.set_on = led_on,
.set_off = led_off,
};
static int open_led(const struct hw_module_t* module, char const* name,
struct hw_device_t** device)
{
*device = &led_dev;
fd = open("/dev/callon_led",O_RDWR);
if(fd < 0)
{
ALOGD(LOG_TAG, "open device fail!");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
static struct hw_module_methods_t led_methods = {
.open = open_led,
};
struct hw_module_t HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM = {
.tag = HARDWARE_MODULE_TAG,
.id = "led",
.methods = &led_methods,
};
led.h
#ifndef _HARDWARE_LED_H
#define _HARDWARE_LED_H
#include <hardware/hardware.h>
#define LED_ON _IOW('G',0,int)
#define LED_OFF _IOW('G',1,int)
struct led_device_t {
struct hw_device_t led_device;
int (*set_on)(struct led_device_t* dev,int arg);//means led_number
int (*set_off)(struct led_device_t* dev,int arg);
};
#endif // _HARDWARE_LED_HAndroid.mk
LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
include $(CLEAR_VARS)
LOCAL_MODULE := led.default
# HAL module implementation stored in
# hw/<VIBRATOR_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID>.default.so
LOCAL_MODULE_RELATIVE_PATH := hw
LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := hardware/libhardware
LOCAL_SRC_FILES := led_hal.c
LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := liblog
LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := eng
include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)编译则在 安卓源代码根目录下使用
$ . setenv
$ lunch
$ mmm hardware/libhardware/modules/led/target SharedLib: led.default (out/target/product/tiny4412/obj/SHARED_LIBRARIES/led.default_intermediates/LINKED/led.default.so)
target Symbolic: led.default (out/target/product/tiny4412/symbols/system/lib/hw/led.default.so)
Export includes file: hardware/libhardware/modules/led/Android.mk -- out/target/product/tiny4412/obj/SHARED_LIBRARIES/led.default_intermediates/export_includes
target Strip: led.default (out/target/product/tiny4412/obj/lib/led.default.so)
Install: out/target/product/tiny4412/system/lib/hw/led.default.so
make: Leaving directory `/opt/Tiny4412/Android/android-5.0.2'
#### make completed successfully (1 seconds) ####
即可，最后产生的就在out/target/product/tiny4412/system/lib/hw/led.default.so了。
我们将system.img重做，这里通过一个脚本./gen-img.sh完成。
2.硬件服务编写：
首先，Service Manager为了解决访问冲突而存在的，在有Service Manager的基础之上，我们的底层需要先编写硬件服务，注册到Service Manager，我们的app才能通过Service Manager获取到服务，操作底层。
由于涉及到许多目录操作，细化操作后为：
1.创建 ILedService.aidl
仿照 frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/IVibratorService.aidl
package android.os;
/** {@hide} */
interface ILedService
{
int LedOpen();
int LedOn(int arg);
int LedOff(int arg);
}2.修改frameworks/base/Android.mk
增加
core/java/android/os/ILedService.aidl \3.自动生成ILedService.java
mmm frameworks/base/编译自动生成out/target/common/obj/JAVA_LIBRARIES/framework_intermediates/src/core/java/android/os/ILedService.java
4.创建 LedService.java 实现接口函数
仿照frameworks/base/services/core/java/com/android/server/VibratorService.java
package com.android.server;
import android.util.Slog;
import android.os.ILedService;
public class LedService extends ILedService.Stub{
private static final String TAG = "LedService";
public LedService()
{
Slog.d(TAG,"LedService");
}
public int LedOpen() throws android.os.RemoteException
{
return native_LedOpen();
}
public int LedOn(int arg) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
return native_LedOn(arg);
}
public int LedOff(int arg) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
return native_LedOff(arg);
}
public static native int native_LedOpen();
public static native int native_LedOn(int arg);
public static native int native_LedOff(int arg);
}5.将服务注册到Service Manager当中
修改frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/SystemServer.java
参考vibrator修改的地方
LedService led = null;Slog.i(TAG, "Led Service");
led = new LedService();
ServiceManager.addService("led", led);6.实现com_android_server_LedService.cpp
为什么需要它？因为我们的hal代码并没有提供jni的接口（这里提供了一种新的方法来提供native方法，之前是自动产生头文件然后来实现的）。
根据frameworks/base/services/core/jni/com_android_server_VibratorService.cpp
/*
* Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#define LOG_TAG "LedService"
#include "jni.h"
#include "JNIHelp.h"
#include "android_runtime/AndroidRuntime.h"
#include <utils/misc.h>
#include <utils/Log.h>
#include <hardware/led.h>
#include <stdio.h>
struct led_device_t *led_dev;
namespace android
{
static jint LedOpen(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz)
{
hw_module_t *module;
hw_device_t *device;
hw_get_module("led",(hw_module_t const **)&module);
module->methods->open(module, NULL, &device);
led_dev = (struct led_device_t*)device;
return 0;
}
static jint LedOn(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz, int arg)
{
led_dev->set_on(led_dev,arg);
return 0;
}
static jint LedOff(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz, int arg)
{
led_dev->set_off(led_dev,arg);
return 0;
}
static JNINativeMethod method_table[] = {
{ "native_LedOpen", "()I", (void*)LedOpen },
{ "native_LedOn", "(I)I", (void*)LedOn },
{ "native_LedOff", "(I)I", (void*)LedOff}
};
int register_android_server_LedService(JNIEnv *env)
{
return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/LedService",
method_table, NELEM(method_table));
}
};7.注册native接口
在frameworks/base/services/core/jni/onload.cpp中添加
int register_android_server_LedService(JNIEnv* env);register_android_server_LedService(env);8.修改Android.mk
在frameworks/base/services/core/jni/Android.mk中加入自己写的com_android_server_LedService.cpp
$(LOCAL_REL_DIR)/com_android_server_LedService.cpp \9.mmm frameworks/base/services/编译
Copying: out/target/common/obj/JAVA_LIBRARIES/services_intermediates/classes.dex
target Jar: services (out/target/common/obj/JAVA_LIBRARIES/services_intermediates/javalib.jar)
Install: out/target/product/tiny4412/system/framework/services.jar
make: Leaving directory `/opt/Tiny4412/Android/android-5.0.2'
#### make completed successfully (50 seconds) ####
其中碰到一阵错误，非常无语：
make: Entering directory `/opt/Tiny4412/Android/android-5.0.2'
make: *** No rule to make target `frameworks/base/services/core/.java', needed by `out/target/common/obj/JAVA_LIBRARIES/services.core_intermediates/classes-full-debug.jar'. Stop.
make: Leaving directory `/opt/Tiny4412/Android/android-5.0.2'
#### make failed to build some targets (1 seconds) ####最后继续使用./gen-img.sh完成system.img的编译，烧写进开发板，为写应用程序做准备。
3.应用程序设计：
package com.led.hal.example.callon.callonhalled;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.CheckBox;
import android.os.ILedService;
import android.os.ServiceManager;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private CheckBox[] Led = new CheckBox[4];
private ILedService iLedService = null;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Led[0] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led1);
Led[1] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led2);
Led[2] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led3);
Led[3] = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.checkbox_led4);
iLedService = ILedService.Stub.asInterface(ServiceManager.getService("led"));
try {
iLedService.LedOpen();
}catch(RemoteException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void SendCmd(View view)
{
for(int i =1; i<5; i++)
{
if(Led[i].isChecked()) {
try {
iLedService.LedOn(i);
}catch (RemoteException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
else {
try {
iLedService.LedOff(i);
}catch (RemoteException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
http://blog.csdn.net/wukunting/article/details/5788196
首先拷贝out/target/common/obj/JAVA_LIBRARIES/framework_intermediates/classes.jar到工程下
然后AndroidStudio中File->Project Structure点击其中的'+'->选择Import .JAR/.AAR Package->选择classes.jar->Finish
继续在Project Structure下选择app->Dependencies->选择'+'->Module Dependency->选择'classes'即可。
这时候整个源码都好了，但是下载速度会很慢，改善基于frameworks设计的app下载和运行速度的方案：
1.修改build.gradle(Module:app)
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
android {
compileSdkVersion 23
buildToolsVersion "23.0.2"
defaultConfig {
applicationId "com.led.hal.example.callon.callonhalled"
minSdkVersion 21
targetSdkVersion 23
versionCode 1
versionName "1.0"
multiDexEnabled true
}
dexOptions {
javaMaxHeapSize "4g"
}
buildTypes {
release {
minifyEnabled false
proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
}
}
}
dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.2.0'
compile project(':classes')
compile 'com.android.support:multidex:1.0.0'
}
在application下增加
android:name="android.support.multidex.MultiDexApplication"
最后下载运行吧！