Android消息机制之Handler,Looper,和MessageQueue如何协作的

Android消息机制

从开发的角度来说,Handler是Android消息机制的上层接口,这使得在开发过程中只需要和Handler交互,我们通过它可以将一个任务很轻松的切换到Handler所在的线程中去执行。

Android的消息机制主要是指Handler的运行机制,Handler的运行需要底层的MessageQueue和Looper支持。
MessageQueue是消息队列,它内部存储了一组消息,以队列的形式提供对消息的插入和删除,它是采用单链表的数据结构来存储消息列表的。
Looper是消息循环,它会以无限循环的形式去查是否有新消息,如果有就处理消息,没有就继续等待。
Lopper中还有一个值得注意的东西,那就是ThreadLocal

 public final class Looper {
 private static final String TAG = "Looper";

 // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
 static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
 private static Looper sMainLooper;  // guarded by Looper.class

 final MessageQueue mQueue;
 final Thread mThread;
 private Printer mLogging;

... ... 
}

 public class ThreadLocal<T>

我们可以看到TreadLocal并不是线程,但是它的名字里面有Thread,那么肯定和线程是有关系的,它的作用是可以在每个线程中存储数据,ThreadLocal可以在不同的线程中互不干扰的存储并提供数据,还可以获取每个线程的Looper。
我们知道创建Handler的时候,需要使用当前线程的Looper来构造消息循环系统,那么Handler又是怎么获取到当前线程的Looper的呢,就是通过ThreadLocal

 public static Looper myLooper() {
    return sThreadLocal.get();
}

线程默认是没有Looper的,如果需要使用Handler就必须为线程创建Looper。我们说的主线程其实就是ActivityThread,ActivityThread被创建的时候就会初始化Looper,所以在主线程中默认可以使用Handler。

Handler的主要作用是将一个任务切换到某个指定的线程中去执行。

首先,我们先分析一下在我们的主线程中Handler,Looper,MessageQueue是怎么协同工作的?
我们知道ActivityThead是程序的入口,在那里会进行Looper 的初始化:

 public static void main(String[] args) {

    //代码省略
    Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");

    Looper.prepareMainLooper();

    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
    thread.attach(false);

    if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
        sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
    }

    if (false) {
        Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
    }

    Looper.loop();

    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}

执行ActivityThread.main方法后,应用程序就启动起来了,并且会一直从消息队列中取消息,然后处理消息,那么系统是如何将消息投递到消息队列中的呢,又是如何从消息队列中获取消息并处理消息呢?就是用Handler。
Handler最常用的post方法,将一个消息post到它所在的线程,并在handlerMessage方法中处理它。
那么Handler是如何关联消息队列以及线程的呢?

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
    if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
        final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
        if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
            Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                klass.getCanonicalName());
        }
    }

    mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
    if (mLooper == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
    }
    mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
    mCallback = callback;
    mAsynchronous = async;
}


public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
    mLooper = looper;
    mQueue = looper.mQueue;
    mCallback = callback;
    mAsynchronous = async;
}

通过查源码可知,Handler的创建,最后调用的构造函数就是上面两种。对于在UI线程中,我们使用第一种就可以。
我们可以看到,如果没有传进一个Looper,也就是调用了第一种构造方法,那么会使用Looper.myLooper()来获取Looper对象:

 public static Looper myLooper() {
    return sThreadLocal.get();
}

通过上面分析,我们知道程序启动的时候会调用prepareMainLooper:

public static void prepareMainLooper() {
     prepare(false);
     synchronized (Looper.class) {
         if (sMainLooper != null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
         }
         sMainLooper = myLooper();
     }
 }

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
     if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
         throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
     }
     sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
 }

public static Looper myLooper() {
    return sThreadLocal.get();
}


 public void set(T value) {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null)
        map.set(this, value);
    else
        createMap(t, value);
}


public T get() {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null) {
        ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
        if (e != null) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            T result = (T)e.value;
            return result;
        }
    }
    return setInitialValue();
}

/**
 * Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
 * of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
 *
 * @return the initial value
 */
private T setInitialValue() {
    T value = initialValue();
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null)
        map.set(this, value);
    else
        createMap(t, value);
    return value;
}

从上面的代码中我们可以看到,在调用prepareMainLooper时,会先调用prepare方法,在prepare方法中创建了Looper并将该对象设置给了sThreadLocal,这样队列就与线程关联上了,这样一来,不同的线程就不能访问其他的消息队列。
再回到Handler中来,消息队列通过Looper与线程关联上,而Handler又与Looper,因此,Handler最终就和线程,线程的消息队列关联上了。

那么创建Looper之后,又是怎么执行消息循环的呢?Handler post消息给消息队列,消息又是如何处理的呢?
我们可以看到在mian方法中,Looper初始化后,调用了Looper.loop()方法:

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 /**
 * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
 * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
 */
public static void loop() {
    final Looper me = myLooper();
    if (me == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
    }
    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

    // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
    // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
    Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

    for (;;) {
        Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
        if (msg == null) {
            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
            return;
        }

        // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
        final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                    msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
        }

        final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

        final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
        if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
            Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
        }
        final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
        final long end;
        try {
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
        } finally {
            if (traceTag != 0) {
                Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
            }
        }
        if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
            final long time = end - start;
            if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                        + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                        msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
            }
        }

        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
        }

        // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
        // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
        final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        if (ident != newIdent) {
            Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                    + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                    + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
        }

        msg.recycleUnchecked();
    }
}

通过上面代码,我们可以到在loop方法中得到当前线程的Looper和MessageQueue,然后开启了一个死循环,通过从消息队列中逐个取出消息,通过msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);来处理消息。

public final class Message implements Parcelable {

/*package*/ Bundle data;

/*package*/ Handler target;

/*package*/ Runnable callback;

// sometimes we store linked lists of these things
/*package*/ Message next;

}

我们可以看到,target就是Handler,所以是调用了Handler的dispatchMessage(msg),于是这样消息队列将消息投递给了Handler

public interface Callback {
     public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
 }


 public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
 }


//Handle system messages here.

 public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
     if (msg.callback != null) {
         handleCallback(msg);
     } else {
         if (mCallback != null) {
             if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                 return;
            }
        }
        handleMessage(msg);
    }
}

我们看到在dispatchMessage方法中,如果Runnable类型的callback为空,就执行handlerMessage来处理消息,否则就执行handlerCallback来处理,该方法会调用callback的run方法。其实这就是对应的两种Handler的分发类型:如若post(Runnable callback)则callback就不为空,如果使用sendMessage方法时,一般不会设置callback,所以callback就会空了。

public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
   return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}

private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
    Message m = Message.obtain();//获取一个Message对象
    m.callback = r;
    return m;
}


public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
    return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}

这两种消息投递方法,最终都会调用sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0)

public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
    if (delayMillis < 0) {
        delayMillis = 0;
    }
    return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}


public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
    if (queue == null) {
        RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
        Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        return false;
    }
    return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}

我们分析可知,在post(Runnable)时,会将Runnable包装成Message对象,并且将Runnable对象设置给Message对象的callback字段。然后最终会调用enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);方法,进行消息的投递。

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    msg.target = this;
    if (mAsynchronous) {
        msg.setAsynchronous(true);
    }
    return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}

最终调用了MessageQueue的enqueueMesasge方法,在这个方法中,最终将Message对象插入到MessageQueue中,也就是单链表的最后。

最后总结一下Hanlder消息机制的过程:

这里写图片描述

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_36391075/article/details/80637473
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