使用场景
- URL访问跳转，支持开发设计（页面跳转、兼容性支持、展示效果等）
- SEO优化
- 维护（后台维护、流量转发等）
- 安全（伪静态）
正则表达式测试工具
//安装pcretest yum install -y pcre-tools [root@c2 conf]# pcretest PCRE version 8.32 2012-11-30 re> /(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/ /正则表达式/ data> 192.168.88.2 0: 192.168.88.2 1: 192 2: 168 3: 88 4: 2
flag
- last 停止rewrite检测
- break 停止rewrite检测
- redirect 返回302临时重定向，地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
- permanent 返回301永久重定向，地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
last与break的区别
worker_processes 1; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; server { listen 80; server_name www.heboan.com; root /opt/app/code; location ~ ^/break { rewrite ^/break /test/ break; } location ~ ^/last { rewrite ^/last /test/ last; } location /test/ { default_type application/json; return 200 '{"status":"success"}'; } } }
访问www.heboan.com/test/
[root@c2 conf]# curl http://www.heboan.com/test/ {"status":"success"}
访问www.heboan.com/break/
当访问www.heboan.com/break/,匹配到我们定义的location ~ ^/break然后跳转去访问网站根目录/opt/app/code下面的test目录,但是网站根目录下没有test目录，然后返回404
[root@c2 conf]# curl http://www.heboan.com/break/ <html> <head><title>404 Not Found</title></head> <body bgcolor="white"> <center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center> <hr><center>nginx/1.12.2</center> </body> </html>
访问www.heboan.com/last/
当访问www.heboan.com/last/，匹配到我们定义location ~ ^/last然后根据rewrite规则，它会匹配到location /test/，除非它没有匹配到location /test/，才会去网站根目录下去找test目录
[root@c2 conf]# curl http://www.heboan.com/last/ {"status":"success"}
redirect(302)与permanent(301)的区别
worker_processes 1; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; server { listen 80; server_name www.heboan.com; root /opt/app/code; location ~ ^/baidu { rewrite ^/baidu01 https://www.baidu.com redirect; rewrite ^/baidu02 https://www.baidu.com permanent; } } }
详细查看www.heboan.com/baidu01过程
[root@c2 conf]# curl -vL www.heboan.com/baidu01 * About to connect() to www.heboan.com port 80 (#0) * Trying 192.168.88.2... * Connected to www.heboan.com (192.168.88.2) port 80 (#0) > GET /baidu01 HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.29.0 > Host: www.heboan.com > Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily < Server: nginx/1.12.2 < Date: Sun, 15 Apr 2018 14:28:07 GMT < Content-Type: text/html < Content-Length: 161 < Connection: keep-alive < Location: https://www.baidu.com ###### < * Ignoring the response-body * Connection #0 to host www.heboan.com left intact * Issue another request to this URL: 'https://www.baidu.com' * About to connect() to www.baidu.com port 443 (#1) * Trying 163.177.151.109... * Connected to www.baidu.com (163.177.151.109) port 443 (#1) * Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb * CAfile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt CApath: none * SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 * Server certificate: * subject: CN=baidu.com,OU=service operation department.,O="BeiJing Baidu Netcom Science Technology Co., Ltd",L=beijing,ST=beijing,C=CN * start date: Jun 29 00:00:00 2017 GMT * expire date: Aug 17 23:59:59 2018 GMT * common name: baidu.com * issuer: CN=Symantec Class 3 Secure Server CA - G4,OU=Symantec Trust Network,O=Symantec Corporation,C=US > GET / HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.29.0 > Host: www.baidu.com > Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Accept-Ranges: bytes < Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform < Connection: Keep-Alive < Content-Length: 2443 < Content-Type: text/html < Date: Sun, 15 Apr 2018 14:28:10 GMT < Etag: "588603f3-98b" < Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:24:03 GMT < Pragma: no-cache < Server: bfe/1.0.8.18 < Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/
- 可以发现redirect是302临时重定向
- 如果用浏览器访问地址会跳转为www.baidu.com
- 我们发现请求www.baidu.com/baidu01返回Location: https://www.baidu.com，然后再去请求www.baidu.com
- 因此会有两次请求
详细查看www.heboan.com/baidu02过程
root@c2 conf]# curl -vL www.heboan.com/baidu02 * About to connect() to www.heboan.com port 80 (#0) * Trying 192.168.88.2... * Connected to www.heboan.com (192.168.88.2) port 80 (#0) > GET /baidu02 HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.29.0 > Host: www.heboan.com > Accept: */* > < HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently < Server: nginx/1.12.2 < Date: Sun, 15 Apr 2018 14:34:47 GMT < Content-Type: text/html < Content-Length: 185 < Connection: keep-alive < Location: https://www.baidu.com < * Ignoring the response-body * Connection #0 to host www.heboan.com left intact * Issue another request to this URL: 'https://www.baidu.com' * About to connect() to www.baidu.com port 443 (#1) * Trying 163.177.151.110... * Connected to www.baidu.com (163.177.151.110) port 443 (#1) * Initializing NSS with certpath: sql:/etc/pki/nssdb * CAfile: /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt CApath: none * SSL connection using TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 * Server certificate: * subject: CN=baidu.com,OU=service operation department.,O="BeiJing Baidu Netcom Science Technology Co., Ltd",L=beijing,ST=beijing,C=CN * start date: Jun 29 00:00:00 2017 GMT
- 可以发现permanent是301永久重定向
- 用浏览器访问地址也会变为www.baidu.com
区别
停止nginx服务 [root@c2 conf]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop 访问www.heboan.com/baidu01 (302) 请求失败 访问www.heboan.com/baidu02 (301) 成功访问到百度 原因： 301 意味着客户端可以对结果进行缓存， 搜索引擎或者浏览器都可以把跳转后的地址缓存下来，下一次不必发送这个请求。 302 就是客户端必须请求原链接
rewrite案例
location / { rewrite ^/course-(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\.html$ /course/$1/$2/course_$3.html break; #if ($http_user_agent ~* Chrome){ # rewrite ^/nginx http://coding.imooc.com/class121.html break; #} #if (!-f $request_filename) { # rewrite ~/(.*)$ http://www.imooc.com/$1 redirect; #} }