CentOS7.1 KVM虚拟化之libguestfs-tools工具常用命令介绍

libguestfs 是一组 Linux 下的 C 语言的 API ，用来访问虚拟机的磁盘映像文件。其项目主页是http://libguestfs.org/ ，该工具包内包含的工具有virt-cat、virt-df、virt-ls、virt-copy-in、virt-copy-out、virt-edit、guestfs、guestmount、virt-list-filesystems、virt-list-partitions等工具，具体用法也可以参看官网。该工具可以在不启动KVM guest主机的情况下，直接查看guest主机内的文内容，也可以直接向img镜像中写入文件和复制文件到外面的物理机，当然其也可以像mount一样，支持挂载操作。

一、libguestfs-tools的安装

由于在rpm源里直接有该包，所以可以直接通过yum进行安装：

#yum -y install libguestfs-tools

二、linux下的使用

[root@localhost file]# virt-df centos.img
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use%
centos.img:/dev/sda1 495844 31950 438294 7%
centos.img:/dev/VolGroup/lv_root 28423176 721504 26257832 3%
[root@localhost file]# virt-ls centos.img /
.autofsck
bin
boot
dev
etc
home
lib
lib64
lost+found
media
mnt
opt
proc
root
sbin
selinux
srv
sys
tmp
usr
va

复制文件操作：

[root@localhost file]# virt-copy-out -d centos.img /etc/passwd /tmp
libguestfs: error: no libvirt domain called 'centos.img': Domain not found: no domain with matching name 'centos.img'

注意这里有报错，报错原因是因为-d参数后面跟的是主机domain，不是镜像文件名。更改为domain后的操作步骤如下：

[root@localhost file]# virsh list --all
Id Name State
----------------------------------------------------
4 ppd_win7 running
14 ppd_win2008 running
- ppd_centos shut off
[root@localhost file]# virt-copy-out -d ppd_centos /etc/passwd /tmp/
[root@localhost file]# cat /tmp/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:499:76:"Saslauthd user":/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin

查看分区相关信息：

[root@localhost file]# virt-filesystems -d ppd_centos
/dev/sda1
/dev/VolGroup/lv_root
[root@localhost file]# virt-list-filesystems -d ppd_centos
Unknown option: d
Usage:
virt-list-filesystems [--options] domname
virt-list-filesystems [--options] disk.img [disk.img ...]
[root@localhost file]# virt-list-filesystems /file/centos.img
/dev/VolGroup/lv_root
/dev/sda1
[root@localhost file]# virt-list-partitions /file/centos.img
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda2

需要注意的是，有的命令后面用的是domain，有的用的是img文件名。

guestmount 分区挂载

[root@localhost ~]# guestmount -a /file/centos.qcow2 -m /dev/sda2 --rw /mnt
libguestfs: error: mount_options: /dev/sda2 on / (options: ''): mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'
guestmount: '/dev/sda2' could not be mounted.
guestmount: Did you mean to mount one of these filesystems?
guestmount: /dev/sda1 (ext4)
guestmount: /dev/VolGroup/lv_root (ext4)
guestmount: /dev/VolGroup/lv_swap (swap)
[root@localhost ~]# guestmount -a /file/centos.qcow2 -m /dev/VolGroup/lv_root --rw /mnt
fuse: mountpoint is not empty
fuse: if you are sure this is safe, use the 'nonempty' mount option
libguestfs: error: fuse_mount: /mnt: Resource temporarily unavailable
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# guestmount -a /file/centos.qcow2 -m /dev/VolGroup/lv_root --rw /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/

挂载出错时会列出所有的分区信息，然后再做使用正确的分区去挂载。不过也可以在挂载前先使用virt-list-filesystems去查看。使用guestmount时，对raw和qcow2格式的分区都支持。

三、windows系统下的使用

[root@localhost opt]# virt-ls -a /file/win7.img c:
virt-ls: no operating system was found on this disk
If using guestfish '-i' option, remove this option and instead
use the commands 'run' followed by 'list-filesystems'.
You can then mount filesystems you want by hand using the
'mount' or 'mount-ro' command.
If using guestmount '-i', remove this option and choose the
filesystem(s) you want to see by manually adding '-m' option(s).
Use 'virt-filesystems' to see what filesystems are available.
If using other virt tools, this disk image won't work
with these tools. Use the guestfish equivalent commands
(see the virt tool manual page).
RHEL 6 notice
-------------
libguestfs will return this error for Microsoft Windows guests if the
separate 'libguestfs-winsupport' package is not installed. If the
guest is running Microsoft Windows, please try again after installing
'libguestfs-winsupport'.

需要注意的是，上面的用法中，有两个错误的地方，一处是linux查看C分区，后面不能直接跟C：，而应该换用/ ；第二个错误是由于没有安装libguestfs-winsupport 。该工具也可以看接通过yum安装。安装完该包后，再进行查看：

[root@localhost opt]# virt-ls -a /file/win7.img /
$Recycle.Bin
Documents and Settings
PerfLogs
Program Files
Program Files (x86)
ProgramData
Recovery
System Volume Information
Users
Windows
pagefile.sys

利用guestmount进行挂载

[root@localhost ~]# guestmount -a /file/win7.img -m /dev/sda2 --rw /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
Documents and Settings pagefile.sys PerfLogs ProgramData Program Files Program Files (x86) Recovery $Recycle.Bin System Volume Information Users Windows

注：此处的挂载同样需要ntfs-3g软件包的支持。

安装过libguestfs-tools工具后，会产生一系列命令如下：

[root@kvm01 ~]# virt-
virt-alignment-scan  virt-df              virt-inspector       virt-rescue          virt-win-reg
virt-builder         virt-diff            virt-install         virt-resize          virt-xml
virt-cat             virt-edit            virt-log             virt-sparsify        virt-xml-validate
virt-clone           virt-filesystems     virt-ls              virt-sysprep         
virt-copy-in         virt-format          virt-make-fs         virt-tar-in          
virt-copy-out        virt-host-validate   virt-manager         virt-tar-out         
virt-customize       virt-index-validate  virt-pki-validate    virt-what

libguestfs-tools工具的部分命令使用方便，但是执行速度不是很快，下面只对一些常用命令进行介绍

1.virt-df
介绍：类似于虚拟机本地“df”命令

[root@kvm01 ~]# virt-df -h vm1-clone
Filesystem                                Size       Used  Available  Use%
vm1-clone:/dev/sda1                       186M       7.2M       169M    4%
vm1-clone:/dev/sda3                       8.4G       1.2G       6.8G   14%

2.virt-cat
介绍：类似于虚拟机本地”cat”命令

[root@kvm01 ~]# virt-cat -d vm1-clone /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost.localdomain localhost
::1     localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6

3.virt-edit

介绍：类似于虚拟机本地”vi”命令，使用这个命令需要关闭虚拟机

4.virt-ls
介绍：类似于虚拟机本地”ls”命令

[root@kvm01 ~]# virt-ls -d vm1-clone /etc
.pwd.lock
DIR_COLORS
DIR_COLORS.xterm
NetworkManager
X11
acpi

5.virt-copy-out
介绍：复制虚拟机文件到宿主机本地磁盘，类似于本地”cp”命令

[root@kvm01 ~]# virt-copy-out -d vm1-clone /etc/hosts .

6.virt-copy-in
介绍：复制宿主机本地文件到虚拟机磁盘，类似于本地”cp”命令

[root@kvm01 ~]# virt-copy-in -d vm1-clone /tmp/ylhb /tmp