一、yum命令的基本安装功能
[root@localhost ~]# man yum
command is one of:
* install package1 [package2] [...]： install + 包名
yum -y: 安装时自动回答为yes
* reinstall package1 [package2] [...]： 重新安装
*** 补充rmp命令：rpm -ql + 包名 ： 查询包安装生成的文件清单
rpm -qf + /path/to/file_name: 查询某文件是由哪个软件包生成的
* provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2] [...]
使用yum来查询软件包生成哪些文件，以及文件是由哪个软件包生成的。
* update [package1] [package2] [...]： 升级版本，可加多个包
* update-to [package1] [package2] [...]： 指定升级到哪个版本
* downgrade package1 [package2] [...] ： 降级
* check-update： 安装前检查有哪些可以升级的软件包
* upgrade [package1] [package2] [...]
* upgrade-to [package1] [package2] [...]
这两个命令已经被update取代了
* remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]
清除软件包：使用yum来清除包会同时清除它被依赖的包
* search string1 [string2] [...] ： 只记得部分字符，可以进行模糊查询
* groupinstall group1 [group2] [...] ：组安装：
1） 针对RHEL 6：
Development tools + Server Platform Development + Desktop Platform Development
2） 针对RHEL 5：
Development tools + development libraries
安装了这些这些组之后，就可以编译rpm包了，即将源码制作成二进制格式包
* groupupdate group1 [group2] [...] 升级组
* groupremove group1 [group2] [...] 移除组
* localinstall yum除了可以自动安装外，也可以将软件包下载到本地，然后手动安装
1）RHEL 6：
统一使用yum install 来安装即可
2）RHEL 5：
需要使用yum localinstall 来安装，同样手动升级可以使用yum localupdate，RHEL6处于兼容性需求，也支持这样的用法。
yum安装软件包最大的优势在于可以自动解决依赖关系
-- nogpgcheck ：
对比rpm包，yum即使使用了localinstall，也会检查软件包的来源合法性，如果密钥无法匹配，则下载到本地的软件包也无法使用yum安装，故可以使用长选项 --nogpgcheck来避免检查
* history : 查看此前的安装卸载等操作历史
二、yum命令安装实例演示
/*-------- （1） 基本安装 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum install bind-chroot
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Package 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to
do
# 已经安装了最新版，无需安装
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现在先卸载这个软件包
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e bind-chroot
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grep
:
/etc/sysconfig/named
: No such
file
or directory
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[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e bind-chroot --force
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rpm: only installation, upgrading, rmsource and rmspec may be forced
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[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e bind-chroot
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error: package bind-chroot is not installed
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[root@localhost ~]# yum install bind-chroot
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: bind = 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
for
package: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
#依赖关系自动解决
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==============================================================================
Installing:
bind-chroot x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 71 k
Installing
for
dependencies:
bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 4.0 M
Transaction Summary
=========================================================================
Install 2 Package(s)
Total download size: 4.0 M
Installed size: 7.3 M
Is this ok [y
/N
]:
# 输入y表示安装，N表示不安装，默认为不安装，yum可以使用-y自动回答安装
Is this ok [y
/N
]: y
Downloading Packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 42 MB
/s
| 4.0 MB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Installing : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1
/2
Installing : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2
/2
Verifying : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1
/2
Verifying : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2
/2
Installed:
bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
Dependency Installed:
bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
Complete!
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/*-------- （2） 重新安装 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum install bind
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Package 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to
do
# 提示已经安装过了
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[root@localhost ~]# yum reinstall bind
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# 不论是否安装，都会重新安装一遍
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Reinstall Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be reinstalled
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
============================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================
Reinstalling:
bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 4.0 M
Transaction Summary
===============================================================================
Reinstall 1 Package(s)
Total download size: 4.0 M
Installed size: 7.3 M
Is this ok [y
/N
]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1
/1
Verifying : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1
/1
Installed:
bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
Complete!
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/*-------- （3） 卸载软件包 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum remove bind
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: bind = 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
for
package: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==============================================================================
Removing:
bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 @base 7.3 M
Removing
for
dependencies:
bind-chroot x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 @base 0.0
# 清除bind的同时会清除bind-chroot，因为bind-chroot是依赖于bind的
Transaction Summary
==============================================================================
Remove 2 Package(s)
Installed size: 7.3 M
Is this ok [y
/N
]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1
/2
Erasing : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2
/2
warning:
/etc/sysconfig/named
saved as
/etc/sysconfig/named
.rpmsave
Verifying : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1
/2
Verifying : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2
/2
Removed:
bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
Dependency Removed:
bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
Complete!
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/*-------- （4）软件包安装信息查询 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /etc/inittab
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initscripts-9.03.40-2.el6.centos.x86_64
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[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /etc/fstab
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setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch
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[root@localhost ~]# yum provides /etc/fstab
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A
set
of system configuration and setup files
# 此包生成了/etc/fstab
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename :
/etc/fstab
setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A
set
of system configuration and setup files
Repo : installed
Matched from:
Other : Provides-match:
/etc/fstab
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[root@localhost ~]# yum provides /etc/named.conf
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#也可以显示没有安装的文件
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 : The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) DNS (Domain Name System)
: server
# 这个包之前被卸载了，这里显示的是服务器仓库上的包
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename :
/etc/named
.conf
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/*-------- （5） 模糊匹配查询 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum search init
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
==============================N
/S
Matched: init ===============================
initscripts.x86_64 : The inittab
file
and the
/etc/init
.d scripts
iscsi-initiator-utils-devel.x86_64 : Development files
for
...
upstart.x86_64 : An event-driven init system
xhtml1-dtds.noarch : XHTML 1.0 document
type
definitions
xorg-x11-xinit-session.x86_64 : Display manager support
for
~/.xsession and ~/.Xclients
Name and summary matches only, use
"search all"
for
everything.
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/*-------- （6） 安装包组 --------*/
通常安装开发环境，为避免依赖关系，通常需要安装三个组：Development tools; Server Platform Development; Desktop Platform Development
[root@localhost ~]# yum grouplist
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
base
/group_gz
| 220 kB 00:00 ...
Installed Groups:
Additional Development
Base
Debugging Tools
...
Web Server
X Window System
Installed Language Groups:
Arabic Support [ar]
...
Venda Support [ve]
Available Groups:
Backup Client
...
iSCSI Storage Client
Available Language Groups:
Afrikaans Support [af]
...
Zulu Support [zu]
Done
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[root@localhost~]#yum -y groupinstall "Development tools" "Server Platform Development" "Desktop Platform Development"
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...
pixman-devel x86_64 0.26.2-5.el6_4 base 18 k
ppl x86_64 0.10.2-11.el6 base 1.3 M
systemtap-client x86_64 2.3-3.el6 base 3.4 M
systemtap-devel x86_64 2.3-3.el6 base 1.4 M
xorg-x11-proto-devel noarch 7.6-25.el6 base 274 k
yajl x86_64 1.0.7-3.el6 base 27 k
Transaction Summary
==============================================================================
Install 115 Package(s)
Total download size: 123 M
Installed size: 404 M
...
systemtap-devel.x86_64 0:2.3-3.el6 xorg-x11-proto-devel.noarch 0:7.6-25.el6
yajl.x86_64 0:1.0.7-3.el6
Complete!
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/*-------- （7） 通过yum下载到本地，然后手动安装软件包 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# cd /media/cdrom/Packages/
[root@localhost Packages]# yum install bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm
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# 这个包已经下载到本地了，因此不再从服务器下载
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Examining bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm: 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64
Marking bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==========================================================================================
Installing:
bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
/bind-9
.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 7.3 M
Transaction Summary
==========================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Total size: 7.3 M
Installed size: 7.3 M
Is this ok [y
/N
]: N
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[root@localhost Packages]# yum localinstall bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Local Package Process
Examining bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64
Marking bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: bind = 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
for
package: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
# 可以看到使用localinstall 也会自动解决依赖关系
Dependencies Resolved
=========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==========================================================================================
Installing:
bind-chroot x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6
/bind-chroot-9
.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 0.0
Installing
for
dependencies:
bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 4.0 M
Transaction Summary
==========================================================================================
Install 2 Package(s)
Total download size: 4.0 M
Installed size: 7.3 M
Is this ok [y
/N
]: n
Exiting on user Command
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/*-------- （8) 查看yum命令的历史记录 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum history
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
ID | Login user | Date and
time
| Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:53 | Install | 115
4 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:37 | Erase | 2 EE
3 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:20 | Reinstall | 1
2 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:16 | Install | 2 <
1 | System <
unset
> | 2014-07-09 21:22 | Install | 1205 >
history
list
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/*-------- （9) 使用yum安装lftp工具包 --------*/
现在来安装一个比较常用的ftp工具包 lftp：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql lftp
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# 首先检查这个软件包有没有安装
package lftp is not installed
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[root@localhost ~]# yum install lftp
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package lftp.x86_64 0:4.0.9-1.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================
Installing:
lftp x86_64 4.0.9-1.el6 cdrom-centos6 753 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Total download size: 753 k
Installed size: 2.5 M
Is this ok [y
/N
]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : lftp-4.0.9-1.el6.x86_64 1
/1
Verifying : lftp-4.0.9-1.el6.x86_64 1
/1
Installed:
lftp.x86_64 0:4.0.9-1.el6
Complete!
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安装完成，现在可以使用lftp来ping服务器了：
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
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eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:CA:DF:46
inet addr:192.168.56.103 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
# 本机的IP地址
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:feca:df46
/64
Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:114790 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:46931 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:10065569 (9.5 MiB) TX bytes:12450568 (11.8 MiB)
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[root@localhost ~]# lftp 192.168.56.103
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lftp 192.168.56.103:~>
pwd
ftp
:
//192
.168.56.103
# 查看登陆的站点
lftp 192.168.56.103:~> !
pwd
/root
#查看本地目录
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lftp可以使用的基本命令有：
get： 下载单个文件
mget：下载多个文件
mirror：镜像一个目录到本地
bye：退出
cd：切换目录
pwd：查看当前位置
转自：http://blog.51cto.com/wuyelan/1615130