常用数据结构——Map

环境:JDK1.8

HashMap

1、底层为数组+链表(当容量达到8时变为红黑树)
2、非线程安全;
3、key和value均可为null;
4、初始容量为16;
5、最大容量为MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30=2^30
6、负载因子为0.75,意思是比如我初始容量为16,那么当键值对超过16*0.75=12时就会进行扩容,新容量=旧容量*2;
7、初始容量尽量设置为2的幂次,便于底层进行位移运算,具体解释点这里
8、HashMap容量=initailCapacity*loadFactor;
9、put方法:先根据key的hash值得到这个元素在数组中的位置(即下标),然后就可以把这个元素放到对应的位置中了。如果这个元素所在的位子上已经存放有其他元素了,那么在同一个位子上的元素将以链表的形式存放,新加入的放在链头,最先加入的放在链尾。
10、get方法:首先计算key的hashcode,找到数组中对应位置的某一元素,然后通过key的equals方法在对应位置的链表中找到正确的节点,即能找到需要的元素。

遍历方式

Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> entryIterator = map.entrySet().iterator();
        while (entryIterator.hasNext()) {
            Map.Entry<String, Integer> next = entryIterator.next();
            System.out.println("key=" + next.getKey() + " value=" + next.getValue());
        }
Iterator<String> iterator = map.keySet().iterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()){
            String key = iterator.next();
            System.out.println("key=" + key + " value=" + map.get(key));

        }
map.forEach((key,value)->{
    System.out.println("key=" + key + " value=" + value);
});

建议使用第一种EntrySet遍历方式
第一种可以把key和value同时取出来;
第二种要先取出key,再去取value,效率较低;
第三种是JDK1.8及以上,通过外层遍历table,内层遍历链表或红黑树



ConcurrentHashMap

ConcurrentHashMap结构

1、ConcurrentHashMap采用了分段锁技术,其中Segment继承于 ReentrantLock;
源码如下:

/**
     * Stripped-down version of helper class used in previous version,
     * declared for the sake of serialization compatibility
     */
    static class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
        final float loadFactor;
        Segment(float lf) { this.loadFactor = lf; }
    }

2、get方法,ConcurrentHashMap 的 get 方法是非常高效的,因为整个过程都不需要加锁。
只需要将 Key 通过 Hash 之后定位到具体的 Segment ,再通过一次 Hash 定位到具体的元素上。由于 Node中的 value 属性是用 volatile 关键词修饰的,保证了内存可见性,所以每次获取时都是最新值

/**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code key.equals(k)},
     * then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns
     * {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
     */
    public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
        int h = spread(key.hashCode());
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
            if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
                if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
                    return e.val;
            }
            else if (eh < 0)
                return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
            while ((e = e.next) != null) {
                if (e.hash == h &&
                    ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
                    return e.val;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

3、put方法:
虽然 Node中的 value 是用 volatile 关键词修饰的,但是并不能保证并发的原子性,所以 put 操作时仍然需要加锁处理。
首先也是通过 Key 的 Hash 定位到具体的 Segment,在 put 之前会进行一次扩容校验。这里比 HashMap 要好的一点是:HashMap 是插入元素之后再看是否需要扩容,有可能扩容之后后续就没有插入就浪费了本次扩容(扩容非常消耗性能)。
而 ConcurrentHashMap 不一样,它是先将数据插入之后再检查是否需要扩容,之后再做插入。

 /**
     * Key-value entry.  This class is never exported out as a
     * user-mutable Map.Entry (i.e., one supporting setValue; see
     * MapEntry below), but can be used for read-only traversals used
     * in bulk tasks.  Subclasses of Node with a negative hash field
     * are special, and contain null keys and values (but are never
     * exported).  Otherwise, keys and vals are never null.
     */
    static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
        final int hash;
        final K key;
        volatile V val;
        volatile Node<K,V> next;

        Node(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key = key;
            this.val = val;
            this.next = next;
        }
public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(key, value, false);
    }

    /** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
    final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
        if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        int binCount = 0;
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                tab = initTable();
            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                             new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                    break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
            }
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                synchronized (f) { //此处加锁
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            binCount = 1;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    oldVal = e.val;
                                    if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                        e.val = value;
                                    break;
                                }
                                Node<K,V> pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                    pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                              value, null);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            Node<K,V> p;
                            binCount = 2;
                            if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                           value)) != null) {
                                oldVal = p.val;
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    p.val = value;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (binCount != 0) {
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                        treeifyBin(tab, i);
                    if (oldVal != null)
                        return oldVal;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        addCount(1L, binCount);
        return null;
    }

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转载自blog.csdn.net/ChineseYoung/article/details/80904206