【MySQL】_5.MySQL的联合查询

目录

1. 笛卡尔积

2. 内连接

2.1 示例1:查询许仙同学的成绩

2.2 示例2: 查询所有同学的总成绩,及同学的个人信息

2.3 示例3:查询所有同学的科目及各科成绩,及同学的个人信息

3. 外连接

3.1 情况一:两个表数据一一对应

3.2 情况二:两个表数据并非一一对应

4. 自连接

5. 子查询(嵌套查询)

5.1 子查询分类

5.2 单行子查询示例1:查询不想毕业同学的同班同学

5.3 多行子查询示例2:查询语文或英语课程的信息成绩

6. 合并查询

6.1 示例1:查询id=3或者名字为英文的课程


联合查询也称为多表查询,是将多个表联合到一起进行查询;

1. 笛卡尔积

笛卡尔积是联合查询的基础,笛卡尔积其实就是一种排列组合,把两张表的记录尽可能地排列组合出n种情况:

以两张表:班级表与学生表为例,计算这两个表的笛卡尔积:

笛卡尔积就是得到了一张更大的表,其列数为两个表列数之和,行数为两个表列数之积;

试在testdemo1数据库下创建以下表:

mysql> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_testdemo1 |
+---------------------+
| classes             |
| course              |
| score               |
| student             |
+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 表的结构与内容分别为:

(1)student表:

mysql> desc student;
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id         | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sn         | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| name       | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| qq_mail    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| classes_id | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select* from student;
+----+-------+------------+------------------+------------+
| id | sn    | name       | qq_mail          | classes_id |
+----+-------+------------+------------------+------------+
|  1 | 09982 | 黑旋风李逵 | [email protected]  |          1 |
|  2 | 00835 | 菩提老祖   | NULL             |          1 |
|  3 | 00391 | 白素贞     | NULL             |          1 |
|  4 | 00031 | 许仙       | [email protected]    |          1 |
|  5 | 00054 | 不想毕业   | NULL             |          1 |
|  6 | 51234 | 好好说话   | [email protected]       |          2 |
|  7 | 83223 | tellme     | NULL             |          2 |
|  8 | 09527 | 老外学中文 | [email protected] |          2 |
+----+-------+------------+------------------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)classes表:

mysql> desc classes;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| desc  | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select* from classes;
+----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| id | name              | desc                                          |
+----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|  1 | 计算机系2019级1班 | 学习了计算机原理、C和Java语言、数据结构和算法 |
|  2 | 中文系2019级3班   | 学习了中国传统文学                            |
|  3 | 自动化2019级5班   | 学习了机械自动化                              |
+----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(3)course表:

mysql> desc course;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select* from course;
+----+--------------+
| id | name         |
+----+--------------+
|  1 | Java         |
|  2 | 中国传统文化 |
|  3 | 计算机原理   |
|  4 | 语文         |
|  5 | 高阶数学     |
|  6 | 英文         |
+----+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(4)score表: 

mysql> desc score;
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field      | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| score      | decimal(3,1) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| student_id | int(11)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| course_id  | int(11)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select* from score;
+-------+------------+-----------+
| score | student_id | course_id |
+-------+------------+-----------+
|  70.5 |          1 |         1 |
|  98.5 |          1 |         3 |
|  33.0 |          1 |         5 |
|  98.0 |          1 |         6 |
|  60.0 |          2 |         1 |
|  59.5 |          2 |         5 |
|  33.0 |          3 |         1 |
|  68.0 |          3 |         3 |
|  99.0 |          3 |         5 |
|  67.0 |          4 |         1 |
|  23.0 |          4 |         3 |
|  56.0 |          4 |         5 |
|  72.0 |          4 |         6 |
|  81.0 |          5 |         1 |
|  37.0 |          5 |         5 |
|  56.0 |          6 |         2 |
|  43.0 |          6 |         4 |
|  79.0 |          6 |         6 |
|  80.0 |          7 |         2 |
|  92.0 |          7 |         6 |
+-------+------------+-----------+
20 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在该数据库中四张表,三个实体:学生、班级、课程;

其中学生和班级是一对多关系,学生和课程是多对多关系(成绩表是关联表),班级和课程之间没有直接的关联关系;

2. 内连接

内连接表示语法有两种:

第一种:

select [列名],[列名]... form [表1],[表2] where 条件;

第二种:

select [列名],[列名] from [表1] join [表2] on 条件;

2.1 示例1:查询许仙同学的成绩

(“许仙”是名字在student表中,“成绩”在score表中,位于不同的表中,需要进行联合查询)

将student表与score表进行笛卡尔积——>删去无效数据——>按照许仙名字来筛选——>必要时对结果进行精简;

(1)计算student表和score表的笛卡尔积: 

mysql> select* from student,score;

(2)根据两个表的关联列是否对应,删去无效数据: 

mysql> select* from student, score where id = student_id;

注:当联合查询的关联列名重名时,可以使用表名.列名进行指定,即上文SQL指令也可以写为:

mysql> select* from student, score where student.id =  score.student_id;

在实际开发中,更建议采用这种写法,避免当表多列多的情况下产生混淆; 

(3)根据名字,筛选出许仙同学的成绩:

mysql> select* from student, score where student.id=score.student_id and student.name = "许仙";

此时查询结果为:

+----+-------+------+---------------+------------+-------+------------+-----------+
| id | sn    | name | qq_mail       | classes_id | score | student_id | course_id |
+----+-------+------+---------------+------------+-------+------------+-----------+
|  4 | 00031 | 许仙 | [email protected] |          1 |  67.0 |          4 |         1 |
|  4 | 00031 | 许仙 | [email protected] |          1 |  23.0 |          4 |         3 |
|  4 | 00031 | 许仙 | [email protected] |          1 |  56.0 |          4 |         5 |
|  4 | 00031 | 许仙 | [email protected] |          1 |  72.0 |          4 |         6 |
+----+-------+------+---------------+------------+-------+------------+-----------+

 (4)对查询结果进行精简,查询指令与最终查询结果为:

mysql> select student.name, score.course_id, score.score from student, score
    -> where student.id = score.student_id and student.name = "许仙";
+------+-----------+-------+
| name | course_id | score |
+------+-----------+-------+
| 许仙 |         1 |  67.0 |
| 许仙 |         3 |  23.0 |
| 许仙 |         5 |  56.0 |
| 许仙 |         6 |  72.0 |
+------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

注:计算笛卡尔积即其筛选方式有两种:

第一种:

select* from [表名],[表名] where [条件];

 第二种:

select* from [表名] join [表名] on [条件]; 

故而上文的SQL语句也可以写为:

mysql> select student.name, score.course_id, score.score from
    -> student join score
    -> on student.id = score.student_id and student.name="许仙";

2.2 示例2: 查询所有同学的总成绩,及同学的个人信息

(查询信息关系到学生表与成绩表)

将student表和score表进行笛卡尔积计算——>根据联合列学生id删去无效信息——>根据学生name或id进行分组并根据分组情况对score进行求和

(1)将student表和score表进行笛卡尔积计算并对无效信息进行删除:

mysql> select* from student,score where student.id = score.student_id;

(2)根据学生id进行分组,根据分组使用聚合函数sum进行聚合计算总成绩:

mysql> select student.name, sum(score.score)from student,score where student.id = score.student_id group by id;
+------------+------------------+
| name       | sum(score.score) |
+------------+------------------+
| 黑旋风李逵 |            300.0 |
| 菩提老祖   |            119.5 |
| 白素贞     |            200.0 |
| 许仙       |            218.0 |
| 不想毕业   |            118.0 |
| 好好说话   |            178.0 |
| tellme     |            172.0 |
+------------+------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.3 示例3:查询所有同学的科目及各科成绩,及同学的个人信息

 (同学姓名在student表中,科目信息在course表中,各科成绩在score表中)

mysql> select student.name, course.name, score.score
    -> from student, course, score
    -> where student.id = score.student_id
    -> and score.course_id = course.id;
+------------+--------------+-------+
| name       | name         | score |
+------------+--------------+-------+
| 黑旋风李逵 | Java         |  70.5 |
| 黑旋风李逵 | 计算机原理   |  98.5 |
| 黑旋风李逵 | 高阶数学     |  33.0 |
| 黑旋风李逵 | 英文         |  98.0 |
| 菩提老祖   | Java         |  60.0 |
| 菩提老祖   | 高阶数学     |  59.5 |
| 白素贞     | Java         |  33.0 |
| 白素贞     | 计算机原理   |  68.0 |
| 白素贞     | 高阶数学     |  99.0 |
| 许仙       | Java         |  67.0 |
| 许仙       | 计算机原理   |  23.0 |
| 许仙       | 高阶数学     |  56.0 |
| 许仙       | 英文         |  72.0 |
| 不想毕业   | Java         |  81.0 |
| 不想毕业   | 高阶数学     |  37.0 |
| 好好说话   | 中国传统文化 |  56.0 |
| 好好说话   | 语文         |  43.0 |
| 好好说话   | 英文         |  79.0 |
| tellme     | 中国传统文化 |  80.0 |
| tellme     | 英文         |  92.0 |
+------------+--------------+-------+
20 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3. 外连接

内连接与外连接都是进行笛卡尔积计算,但是细节之处仍有差别:

3.1 情况一:两个表数据一一对应

基于以下数据库与表:

mysql> select* from student;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | 张三 |
|    2 | 李四 |
|    3 | 王五 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select* from score;
+------------+-------+
| student_id | score |
+------------+-------+
|          1 |    90 |
|          2 |    80 |
|          3 |    70 |
+------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

内连接指令为:

mysql> select name, score from student join score on student.id = score.student_id;

左外连接指令为:

mysql> select name, score from student left join score on student.id = score.student_id;

右外连接指令为:

mysql> select name, score from student left join score on student.id = score.student_id;

 以上三条指令的查询结果均为:

+------+-------+
| name | score |
+------+-------+
| 张三 |    90 |
| 李四 |    80 |
| 王五 |    70 |
+------+-------+

即:当两个表的数据一一对应(即两个表的记录在彼此表中都有体现)时,内连接与外连接的查询结果是相同的

3.2 情况二:两个表数据并非一一对应

基于以下数据库和表:

mysql> select* from student;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | 张三 |
|    2 | 李四 |
|    3 | 王五 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select* from score;
+------------+-------+
| student_id | score |
+------------+-------+
|          1 |    90 |
|          2 |    80 |
|          4 |    70 |
+------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

内连接指令与查询结果为:

mysql> select name, score from student join score on student.id = score.student_id;
+------+-------+
| name | score |
+------+-------+
| 张三 |    90 |
| 李四 |    80 |
+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

左外连接指令与查询结果为:

mysql> select name, score from student left join score on student.id = score.student_id;
+------+-------+
| name | score |
+------+-------+
| 张三 |    90 |
| 李四 |    80 |
| 王五 |  NULL |
+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

右外连接指令与查询结果为:

mysql> select name, score from student right join score on student.id = score.student_id;
+------+-------+
| name | score |
+------+-------+
| 张三 |    90 |
| 李四 |    80 |
| NULL |    70 |
+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

即:当两个表的数据并非一一对应时,内连接只显示两个表中都有体现的数据

注:(1)当两个表数据并非一一对应,进行外连接时,左外连接是以左表为准,右表没有对应的数据,则以空值填充

右外连接是以右表为准,左表没有对应数据,以空值填充;

(2)join on针对多个表进行的语句为:

select* form 表1 join 表2 on 条件1 join 表4 on 条件2,如:

mysql> select* from student join score on student.id = score.student_id
    -> join course on course.id =score.course_id;

但是每次join on 语句都只计算两个表的笛卡尔积; 

4. 自连接

        自连接是表自身与自身做笛卡尔积,在SQL中进行条件查询,都是指定某一列或多个列之间进行关系运算,无法进行行与行之间的运算,在某些情况下需要对行与行之间进行关系运算,就要使用到自连接。自连接的本质是将行转为列

示例:显示所有“课程id为3”比“课程id为1”成绩高的成绩信息:

(成绩信息在score表中)

(1)对score进行自连接(别名求笛卡尔积)并删除无效信息:

mysql> select* from score as s1, score as s2 where s1.student_id = s2.student_id;

(2)选出第一列id=1的课程与第二列id=3的课程:

mysql> select* from score as s1, score as s2
    -> where s1.student_id = s2.student_id
    -> and s1.course_id = 1
    -> and s2.course_id = 3;

(该结果表示有三个同学同时选修了这两门课程)

(3)增加左列成绩小于右列成绩条件,SQL指令与查询结果为:

mysql> select* from score as s1,score as s2
    -> where s1.student_id = s2.student_id
    -> and s1.course_id = 1
    -> and s2.course_id = 3
    -> and s1.score < s2.score;
+-------+------------+-----------+-------+------------+-----------+
| score | student_id | course_id | score | student_id | course_id |
+-------+------------+-----------+-------+------------+-----------+
|  70.5 |          1 |         1 |  98.5 |          1 |         3 |
|  33.0 |          3 |         1 |  68.0 |          3 |         3 |
+-------+------------+-----------+-------+------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

注:(1)不能直接进行自连接:

mysql> select* from score,score;
ERROR 1066 (42000): Not unique table/alias: 'score'

需要为表指定两个别名,即:

mysql> select* from score as s1, score as s2;

5. 子查询(嵌套查询)

子查询是指嵌入其他SQL语句中的select语句,即将多个查询语句合并为一个语句;

5.1 子查询分类

(1)单行子查询:查询结果只有一条记录;

(2)多行子查询:查询结果为多条记录;

5.2 单行子查询示例1:查询不想毕业同学的同班同学

(1)分步查询SQL指令及查询结果为:

mysql> select classes_id from student where name="不想毕业";
+------------+
| classes_id |
+------------+
|          1 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name from student where classes_id =1;
+------------+
| name       |
+------------+
| 黑旋风李逵 |
| 菩提老祖   |
| 白素贞     |
| 许仙       |
| 不想毕业   |
+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)子查询SQL指令及查询结果为:

mysql> select name from student where classes_id = (select classes_id from student where name="不想毕业");
+------------+
| name       |
+------------+
| 黑旋风李逵 |
| 菩提老祖   |
| 白素贞     |
| 许仙       |
| 不想毕业   |
+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

即将条件查询的某一个值替换为一个select查询语句;

5.3 多行子查询示例2:查询语文或英语课程的信息成绩

先查询出两个课程的课程id,再根据course_id在score表中查询;

(1)分步查询SQL指令及查询结果为:

mysql> select id from course where name="语文" or name="英文";
+----+
| id |
+----+
|  4 |
|  6 |
+----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select* from score where course_id in(4,6);
+-------+------------+-----------+
| score | student_id | course_id |
+-------+------------+-----------+
|  98.0 |          1 |         6 |
|  72.0 |          4 |         6 |
|  43.0 |          6 |         4 |
|  79.0 |          6 |         6 |
|  92.0 |          7 |         6 |
+-------+------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)子查询SQL指令及查询结果为:

mysql> select* from score where course_id in(select id from course where name="语文" or name="英文");
+-------+------------+-----------+
| score | student_id | course_id |
+-------+------------+-----------+
|  98.0 |          1 |         6 |
|  72.0 |          4 |         6 |
|  43.0 |          6 |         4 |
|  79.0 |          6 |         6 |
|  92.0 |          7 |         6 |
+-------+------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6. 合并查询

合并查询就是将两个查询语句的结果合并到一起;

6.1 示例1:查询id=3或者名字为英文的课程

(1)使用逻辑或实现查询:

mysql> select* from course where id<3 or name="英文";
+----+--------------+
| id | name         |
+----+--------------+
|  1 | Java         |
|  2 | 中国传统文化 |
|  6 | 英文         |
+----+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)使用union关键字进行合并查询:

mysql> select* from course where id<3 union select* from course where name="英文";
+----+--------------+
| id | name         |
+----+--------------+
|  1 | Java         |
|  2 | 中国传统文化 |
|  6 | 英文         |
+----+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

注:(1)union与逻辑或的区别:

逻辑或只能对一张表的查询结果进行合并,但union可以对多张表的查询结果进行合并(要求多个结果的列须对应)

(2)union与union all的区别:

使用union关键字对多个查询结果进行合并时会自动去重,但unionall不会去重

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转载自blog.csdn.net/m0_63299495/article/details/131857259