一、内核链表
1.回顾单链表的插入和遍历
假设学生结构体信息如下，封装一个单链表的插入接口和遍历输出的接口，在主函数中利用封装的接口生成一个学生链表，并遍历输出链表的学生信息。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct student
{
int age ;
char name[64] ;
};
struct list_node
{
struct student node ;
struct list_node *next;
};
static struct list_node head;
int insert_head(struct student data)
{
struct list_node *new_node = (struct list_node * )malloc(sizeof (struct list_node));
if(NULL == new_node )
{
perror ("malloc erro");
return -1;
}
new_node->node=data;
new_node->next=head.next;
head.next=new_node;
}
void print_list()
{
struct list_node *p =head.next;
while(p!=NULL)
{
printf( "name =%s\n", p->node.name);
p= p->next;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[] )
{
head.next=NULL ;
struct student stu1 ;
strcpy(stu1.name ,"lalala") ;
struct student stu2 ;
strcpy (stu2.name, "hahaha") ;
insert_head(stu1) ;
insert_head(stu2) ;
print_list();
return 0;
}
2. Linux内核链表
2.1 定义
linux内核链表与众不同，他不是把将数据结构塞入链表，而是将链表节点塞入数据。链表实现定义在<linux/list.h>,使用内核链表时，包含此文件。
在Linux内核中使用了大量的链表结构来组织数据，包括设备列表以及各种功能模块中的数据组织。这些链表大多采用在[include/linux/list.h]实现的一个相当精彩的链表数据结构。事实上，内核链表就是采用双循环链表机制。
内核链表有别于传统链表就在节点本身不包含数据域，只包含指针域。故而可以很灵活的拓展数据结构。
2.2 DEMO实例
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "list.h"
struct student
{
int age;
char name[64];
struct list_head list;
};
void main()
{
struct list_head head;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&head);
struct student stu1;
strcpy(stu1.name, "zhangsan");
stu1.age = 1;
struct student stu2;
strcpy(stu2.name, "lisi");
stu2.age = 2;
struct student stu3;
strcpy(stu3.name, "wangwu");
stu3.age = 3;
list_add(&stu1.list, &head);
list_add(&stu2.list, &head);
list_add(&stu3.list, &head);
struct list_head *pos;
struct student *tmp;
printf("init list\n");
list_for_each(pos, &head) //这里万万不可加分号
{
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
printf("name = %s, age = %d\n", tmp->name, tmp->age);
}
printf("\n");
pos = get_first(&head);
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
printf("first is %s\n\n", tmp->name);
pos = get_last(&head);
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
printf("last is %s\n\n", tmp->name);
puts("del last");
list_del(pos);
printf("after del:");
list_for_each(pos, &head)
{
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
printf("%d ", tmp->age);
}
puts("\n");
}2.3 练习
将下面的数据节点信息转换为链表结构，并遍历输出。要求根据type的值来决定val的类型。type为1代表bool类型，2代表整形，3代表浮点型。无需解析文本，直接赋值形成节点即可。
"data":
[
{
"key": 1,
"type": 2,
"val": "10"
},
{
"key": 2,
"type": 1,
"val": "0"
},
{
"key": 3,
"type": 3,
"val": "22.5"
}
]注意：key、type和val都需要保存到链表节点中去，val上述例子描述是字符串，但是实际存储的时候需要根据type的类型进行变化（这里不用判断，直接按照逻辑赋值即可）。遍历输出时候，也要根据相应的类型进行变化输出（遍历过程中需要判断，然后根据类型进行相应的输出）。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "list.h"
typedef int BOOL;
union val_t
{
BOOL b_val; //bool类型存储空间
int i_val; //整形值存储空间
float f_val; //浮点值存储空间
};
struct student
{ int key;
int type;
union val_t a;
struct list_head list;
};
void main()
{
struct list_head head;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&head);
struct student stu1;
stu1.key=1;
stu1.type=1;
stu1.a.b_val=10;
struct student stu2;
stu2.key=2;
stu2.type=2;
stu2.a.i_val=0;
struct student stu3;
stu3.key=3;
stu3.type=3;
stu3.a.f_val=22.4;
list_add(&stu1.list, &head);
list_add(&stu2.list, &head);
list_add(&stu3.list, &head);
struct list_head *pos;
struct student *tmp;
printf("init list\n");
list_for_each(pos, &head)
{
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
switch(tmp->type)
{
case 1:
printf("key = %d, type = %d,value=%d\n", tmp->key, tmp->type,tmp->a.b_val);
break;
case 2:
printf("key = %d, type = %d,value=%d\n", tmp->key, tmp->type,tmp->a.i_val);
break;
case 3:
printf("key = %d, type = %d,value=%f\n", tmp->key, tmp->type,tmp->a.f_val);
break;
}
}
printf("\n");
/* pos = get_first(&head);
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
printf("first is %s\n\n", tmp->name);
pos = get_last(&head);
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
printf("last is %s\n\n", tmp->name);
puts("del last");
list_del(pos);
printf("after del:");
list_for_each(pos, &head)
{
tmp = list_entry(pos, struct student, list);
printf("%d ", tmp->age);
}
puts("\n");
*/
}
二、JSON
1.定义
JSON是JavaScript Object Notation的缩写，它是一种数据交换格式。
2.json数据类型
number：和JavaScript的number完全一致；相当于C中的int类型
boolean：就是JavaScript的true或false；相当于c++中的bool类型
string：就是JavaScript的string；相当于c++的string类型
null：就是JavaScript的null；相当于C的NULL类型
array：就是JavaScript的Array表示方式——[]；相当于C的数组
object：就是JavaScript的{ ... }表示方式。相当于C++的类或者C的结构体
注意：json的数据类型在源码实现中和具体的编程语言有关，比如boolean在C中并没有相应的类型，C相关的实现库可能会用0和1表示。
3. 格式规范
json以大括号起始和结尾
内容都是以键值对的形式存在
所有的键都是字符串
值的类型不一定，属于JavaScript 的基本数据类型
每个键值对以,分割
最后一个键值对不加逗号
{
"name": "小明",
"age": 14,
"gender": true,
"height": 1.65,
"grade": null,
"skills": [
"JavaScript",
"Java",
"Python",
"Lisp"
]
}4. json格式校验
https://www.bejson.com/
https://www.bejson.com/
5. JSON基本操作
Json序列化：可以理解为利用程序生成Json字符串的过程。
Json反序列化：可以理解为利用程序将已有的Json字符串解析出我们需要的值的过程。
6. cJson库
6.1 相关资料
cJSON的github地址（这个不用看，相当于官方源码地址）
GitHub - DaveGamble/cJSON: Ultralightweight JSON parser in ANSI C
cJSON.h代码：
/*
Copyright (c) 2009 Dave Gamble
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
*/
#ifndef cJSON__h
#define cJSON__h
#include <stddef.h>
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif
/* cJSON Types: */
#define cJSON_False 0
#define cJSON_True 1
#define cJSON_NULL 2
#define cJSON_Number 3
#define cJSON_String 4
#define cJSON_Array 5
#define cJSON_Object 6
#define cJSON_IsReference 256
#define cJSON_StringIsConst 512
/* The cJSON structure: */
typedef struct cJSON {
struct cJSON *next,*prev; /* next/prev allow you to walk array/object chains. Alternatively, use GetArraySize/GetArrayItem/GetObjectItem */
struct cJSON *child; /* An array or object item will have a child pointer pointing to a chain of the items in the array/object. */
int type; /* The type of the item, as above. */
char *valuestring; /* The item's string, if type==cJSON_String */
int valueint; /* The item's number, if type==cJSON_Number */
double valuedouble; /* The item's number, if type==cJSON_Number */
char *string; /* The item's name string, if this item is the child of, or is in the list of subitems of an object. */
} cJSON;
typedef struct cJSON_Hooks {
void *(*malloc_fn)(size_t sz);
void (*free_fn)(void *ptr);
} cJSON_Hooks;
/* Supply malloc, realloc and free functions to cJSON */
extern void cJSON_InitHooks(cJSON_Hooks* hooks);
/* Supply a block of JSON, and this returns a cJSON object you can interrogate. Call cJSON_Delete when finished. */
extern cJSON *cJSON_Parse(const char *value);
/* Render a cJSON entity to text for transfer/storage. Free the char* when finished. */
extern char *cJSON_Print(cJSON *item);
/* Render a cJSON entity to text for transfer/storage without any formatting. Free the char* when finished. */
extern char *cJSON_PrintUnformatted(cJSON *item);
/* Render a cJSON entity to text using a buffered strategy. prebuffer is a guess at the final size. guessing well reduces reallocation. fmt=0 gives unformatted, =1 gives formatted */
extern char *cJSON_PrintBuffered(cJSON *item,int prebuffer,int fmt);
/* Delete a cJSON entity and all subentities. */
extern void cJSON_Delete(cJSON *c);
/* Returns the number of items in an array (or object). */
extern int cJSON_GetArraySize(cJSON *array);
/* Retrieve item number "item" from array "array". Returns NULL if unsuccessful. */
extern cJSON *cJSON_GetArrayItem(cJSON *array,int item);
/* Get item "string" from object. Case insensitive. */
extern cJSON *cJSON_GetObjectItem(cJSON *object,const char *string);
extern int cJSON_HasObjectItem(cJSON *object,const char *string);
/* For analysing failed parses. This returns a pointer to the parse error. You'll probably need to look a few chars back to make sense of it. Defined when cJSON_Parse() returns 0. 0 when cJSON_Parse() succeeds. */
extern const char *cJSON_GetErrorPtr(void);
/* These calls create a cJSON item of the appropriate type. */
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateNull(void);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateTrue(void);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateFalse(void);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateBool(int b);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateNumber(double num);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateString(const char *string);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateArray(void);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateObject(void);
/* These utilities create an Array of count items. */
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateIntArray(const int *numbers,int count);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateFloatArray(const float *numbers,int count);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateDoubleArray(const double *numbers,int count);
extern cJSON *cJSON_CreateStringArray(const char **strings,int count);
/* Append item to the specified array/object. */
extern void cJSON_AddItemToArray(cJSON *array, cJSON *item);
extern void cJSON_AddItemToObject(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *item);
extern void cJSON_AddItemToObjectCS(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *item); /* Use this when string is definitely const (i.e. a literal, or as good as), and will definitely survive the cJSON object */
/* Append reference to item to the specified array/object. Use this when you want to add an existing cJSON to a new cJSON, but don't want to corrupt your existing cJSON. */
extern void cJSON_AddItemReferenceToArray(cJSON *array, cJSON *item);
extern void cJSON_AddItemReferenceToObject(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *item);
/* Remove/Detatch items from Arrays/Objects. */
extern cJSON *cJSON_DetachItemFromArray(cJSON *array,int which);
extern void cJSON_DeleteItemFromArray(cJSON *array,int which);
extern cJSON *cJSON_DetachItemFromObject(cJSON *object,const char *string);
extern void cJSON_DeleteItemFromObject(cJSON *object,const char *string);
/* Update array items. */
extern void cJSON_InsertItemInArray(cJSON *array,int which,cJSON *newitem); /* Shifts pre-existing items to the right. */
extern void cJSON_ReplaceItemInArray(cJSON *array,int which,cJSON *newitem);
extern void cJSON_ReplaceItemInObject(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *newitem);
/* Duplicate a cJSON item */
extern cJSON *cJSON_Duplicate(cJSON *item,int recurse);
/* Duplicate will create a new, identical cJSON item to the one you pass, in new memory that will
need to be released. With recurse!=0, it will duplicate any children connected to the item.
The item->next and ->prev pointers are always zero on return from Duplicate. */
/* ParseWithOpts allows you to require (and check) that the JSON is null terminated, and to retrieve the pointer to the final byte parsed. */
extern cJSON *cJSON_ParseWithOpts(const char *value,const char **return_parse_end,int require_null_terminated);
extern void cJSON_Minify(char *json);
/* Macros for creating things quickly. */
#define cJSON_AddNullToObject(object,name) cJSON_AddItemToObject(object, name, cJSON_CreateNull())
#define cJSON_AddTrueToObject(object,name) cJSON_AddItemToObject(object, name, cJSON_CreateTrue())
#define cJSON_AddFalseToObject(object,name) cJSON_AddItemToObject(object, name, cJSON_CreateFalse())
#define cJSON_AddBoolToObject(object,name,b) cJSON_AddItemToObject(object, name, cJSON_CreateBool(b))
#define cJSON_AddNumberToObject(object,name,n) cJSON_AddItemToObject(object, name, cJSON_CreateNumber(n))
#define cJSON_AddStringToObject(object,name,s) cJSON_AddItemToObject(object, name, cJSON_CreateString(s))
/* When assigning an integer value, it needs to be propagated to valuedouble too. */
#define cJSON_SetIntValue(object,val) ((object)?(object)->valueint=(object)->valuedouble=(val):(val))
#define cJSON_SetNumberValue(object,val) ((object)?(object)->valueint=(object)->valuedouble=(val):(val))
/* Macro for iterating over an array */
#define cJSON_ArrayForEach(pos, head) for(pos = (head)->child; pos != NULL; pos = pos->next)
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
cJSON.c代码：
/*
Copyright (c) 2009 Dave Gamble
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
*/
/* cJSON */
/* JSON parser in C. */
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include "cJSON.h"
static const char *ep;
const char *cJSON_GetErrorPtr(void) {return ep;}
static int cJSON_strcasecmp(const char *s1,const char *s2)
{
if (!s1) return (s1==s2)?0:1;if (!s2) return 1;
for(; tolower(*s1) == tolower(*s2); ++s1, ++s2) if(*s1 == 0) return 0;
return tolower(*(const unsigned char *)s1) - tolower(*(const unsigned char *)s2);
}
static void *(*cJSON_malloc)(size_t sz) = malloc;
static void (*cJSON_free)(void *ptr) = free;
static char* cJSON_strdup(const char* str)
{
size_t len;
char* copy;
len = strlen(str) + 1;
if (!(copy = (char*)cJSON_malloc(len))) return 0;
memcpy(copy,str,len);
return copy;
}
void cJSON_InitHooks(cJSON_Hooks* hooks)
{
if (!hooks) { /* Reset hooks */
cJSON_malloc = malloc;
cJSON_free = free;
return;
}
cJSON_malloc = (hooks->malloc_fn)?hooks->malloc_fn:malloc;
cJSON_free = (hooks->free_fn)?hooks->free_fn:free;
}
/* Internal constructor. */
static cJSON *cJSON_New_Item(void)
{
cJSON* node = (cJSON*)cJSON_malloc(sizeof(cJSON));
if (node) memset(node,0,sizeof(cJSON));
return node;
}
/* Delete a cJSON structure. */
void cJSON_Delete(cJSON *c)
{
cJSON *next;
while (c)
{
next=c->next;
if (!(c->type&cJSON_IsReference) && c->child) cJSON_Delete(c->child);
if (!(c->type&cJSON_IsReference) && c->valuestring) cJSON_free(c->valuestring);
if (!(c->type&cJSON_StringIsConst) && c->string) cJSON_free(c->string);
cJSON_free(c);
c=next;
}
}
/* Parse the input text to generate a number, and populate the result into item. */
static const char *parse_number(cJSON *item,const char *num)
{
double n=0,sign=1,scale=0;int subscale=0,signsubscale=1;
if (*num=='-') sign=-1,num++; /* Has sign? */
if (*num=='0') num++; /* is zero */
if (*num>='1' && *num<='9') do n=(n*10.0)+(*num++ -'0'); while (*num>='0' && *num<='9'); /* Number? */
if (*num=='.' && num[1]>='0' && num[1]<='9') {num++; do n=(n*10.0)+(*num++ -'0'),scale--; while (*num>='0' && *num<='9');} /* Fractional part? */
if (*num=='e' || *num=='E') /* Exponent? */
{ num++;if (*num=='+') num++; else if (*num=='-') signsubscale=-1,num++; /* With sign? */
while (*num>='0' && *num<='9') subscale=(subscale*10)+(*num++ - '0'); /* Number? */
}
n=sign*n*pow(10.0,(scale+subscale*signsubscale)); /* number = +/- number.fraction * 10^+/- exponent */
item->valuedouble=n;
item->valueint=(int)n;
item->type=cJSON_Number;
return num;
}
static int pow2gt (int x) { --x; x|=x>>1; x|=x>>2; x|=x>>4; x|=x>>8; x|=x>>16; return x+1; }
typedef struct {char *buffer; int length; int offset; } printbuffer;
static char* ensure(printbuffer *p,int needed)
{
char *newbuffer;int newsize;
if (!p || !p->buffer) return 0;
needed+=p->offset;
if (needed<=p->length) return p->buffer+p->offset;
newsize=pow2gt(needed);
newbuffer=(char*)cJSON_malloc(newsize);
if (!newbuffer) {cJSON_free(p->buffer);p->length=0,p->buffer=0;return 0;}
if (newbuffer) memcpy(newbuffer,p->buffer,p->length);
cJSON_free(p->buffer);
p->length=newsize;
p->buffer=newbuffer;
return newbuffer+p->offset;
}
static int update(printbuffer *p)
{
char *str;
if (!p || !p->buffer) return 0;
str=p->buffer+p->offset;
return p->offset+strlen(str);
}
/* Render the number nicely from the given item into a string. */
static char *print_number(cJSON *item,printbuffer *p)
{
char *str=0;
double d=item->valuedouble;
if (d==0)
{
if (p) str=ensure(p,2);
else str=(char*)cJSON_malloc(2); /* special case for 0. */
if (str) strcpy(str,"0");
}
else if (fabs(((double)item->valueint)-d)<=DBL_EPSILON && d<=INT_MAX && d>=INT_MIN)
{
if (p) str=ensure(p,21);
else str=(char*)cJSON_malloc(21); /* 2^64+1 can be represented in 21 chars. */
if (str) sprintf(str,"%d",item->valueint);
}
else
{
if (p) str=ensure(p,64);
else str=(char*)cJSON_malloc(64); /* This is a nice tradeoff. */
if (str)
{
if (fpclassify(d) != FP_ZERO && !isnormal(d)) sprintf(str,"null");
else if (fabs(floor(d)-d)<=DBL_EPSILON && fabs(d)<1.0e60) sprintf(str,"%.0f",d);
else if (fabs(d)<1.0e-6 || fabs(d)>1.0e9) sprintf(str,"%e",d);
else sprintf(str,"%f",d);
}
}
return str;
}
static unsigned parse_hex4(const char *str)
{
unsigned h=0;
if (*str>='0' && *str<='9') h+=(*str)-'0'; else if (*str>='A' && *str<='F') h+=10+(*str)-'A'; else if (*str>='a' && *str<='f') h+=10+(*str)-'a'; else return 0;
h=h<<4;str++;
if (*str>='0' && *str<='9') h+=(*str)-'0'; else if (*str>='A' && *str<='F') h+=10+(*str)-'A'; else if (*str>='a' && *str<='f') h+=10+(*str)-'a'; else return 0;
h=h<<4;str++;
if (*str>='0' && *str<='9') h+=(*str)-'0'; else if (*str>='A' && *str<='F') h+=10+(*str)-'A'; else if (*str>='a' && *str<='f') h+=10+(*str)-'a'; else return 0;
h=h<<4;str++;
if (*str>='0' && *str<='9') h+=(*str)-'0'; else if (*str>='A' && *str<='F') h+=10+(*str)-'A'; else if (*str>='a' && *str<='f') h+=10+(*str)-'a'; else return 0;
return h;
}
/* Parse the input text into an unescaped cstring, and populate item. */
static const unsigned char firstByteMark[7] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0xC0, 0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0xFC };
static const char *parse_string(cJSON *item,const char *str)
{
const char *ptr=str+1;char *ptr2;char *out;int len=0;unsigned uc,uc2;
if (*str!='\"') {ep=str;return 0;} /* not a string! */
while (*ptr!='\"' && *ptr && ++len) if (*ptr++ == '\\') ptr++; /* Skip escaped quotes. */
out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(len+1); /* This is how long we need for the string, roughly. */
if (!out) return 0;
ptr=str+1;ptr2=out;
while (*ptr!='\"' && *ptr)
{
if (*ptr!='\\') *ptr2++=*ptr++;
else
{
ptr++;
switch (*ptr)
{
case 'b': *ptr2++='\b'; break;
case 'f': *ptr2++='\f'; break;
case 'n': *ptr2++='\n'; break;
case 'r': *ptr2++='\r'; break;
case 't': *ptr2++='\t'; break;
case 'u': /* transcode utf16 to utf8. */
uc=parse_hex4(ptr+1);ptr+=4; /* get the unicode char. */
if ((uc>=0xDC00 && uc<=0xDFFF) || uc==0) break; /* check for invalid. */
if (uc>=0xD800 && uc<=0xDBFF) /* UTF16 surrogate pairs. */
{
if (ptr[1]!='\\' || ptr[2]!='u') break; /* missing second-half of surrogate. */
uc2=parse_hex4(ptr+3);ptr+=6;
if (uc2<0xDC00 || uc2>0xDFFF) break; /* invalid second-half of surrogate. */
uc=0x10000 + (((uc&0x3FF)<<10) | (uc2&0x3FF));
}
len=4;if (uc<0x80) len=1;else if (uc<0x800) len=2;else if (uc<0x10000) len=3; ptr2+=len;
switch (len) {
case 4: *--ptr2 =((uc | 0x80) & 0xBF); uc >>= 6;
case 3: *--ptr2 =((uc | 0x80) & 0xBF); uc >>= 6;
case 2: *--ptr2 =((uc | 0x80) & 0xBF); uc >>= 6;
case 1: *--ptr2 =(uc | firstByteMark[len]);
}
ptr2+=len;
break;
default: *ptr2++=*ptr; break;
}
ptr++;
}
}
*ptr2=0;
if (*ptr=='\"') ptr++;
item->valuestring=out;
item->type=cJSON_String;
return ptr;
}
/* Render the cstring provided to an escaped version that can be printed. */
static char *print_string_ptr(const char *str,printbuffer *p)
{
const char *ptr;char *ptr2,*out;int len=0,flag=0;unsigned char token;
for (ptr=str;*ptr;ptr++) flag|=((*ptr>0 && *ptr<32)||(*ptr=='\"')||(*ptr=='\\'))?1:0;
if (!flag)
{
len=ptr-str;
if (p) out=ensure(p,len+3);
else out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(len+3);
if (!out) return 0;
ptr2=out;*ptr2++='\"';
strcpy(ptr2,str);
ptr2[len]='\"';
ptr2[len+1]=0;
return out;
}
if (!str)
{
if (p) out=ensure(p,3);
else out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(3);
if (!out) return 0;
strcpy(out,"\"\"");
return out;
}
ptr=str;while ((token=*ptr) && ++len) {if (strchr("\"\\\b\f\n\r\t",token)) len++; else if (token<32) len+=5;ptr++;}
if (p) out=ensure(p,len+3);
else out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(len+3);
if (!out) return 0;
ptr2=out;ptr=str;
*ptr2++='\"';
while (*ptr)
{
if ((unsigned char)*ptr>31 && *ptr!='\"' && *ptr!='\\') *ptr2++=*ptr++;
else
{
*ptr2++='\\';
switch (token=*ptr++)
{
case '\\': *ptr2++='\\'; break;
case '\"': *ptr2++='\"'; break;
case '\b': *ptr2++='b'; break;
case '\f': *ptr2++='f'; break;
case '\n': *ptr2++='n'; break;
case '\r': *ptr2++='r'; break;
case '\t': *ptr2++='t'; break;
default: sprintf(ptr2,"u%04x",token);ptr2+=5; break; /* escape and print */
}
}
}
*ptr2++='\"';*ptr2++=0;
return out;
}
/* Invote print_string_ptr (which is useful) on an item. */
static char *print_string(cJSON *item,printbuffer *p) {return print_string_ptr(item->valuestring,p);}
/* Predeclare these prototypes. */
static const char *parse_value(cJSON *item,const char *value);
static char *print_value(cJSON *item,int depth,int fmt,printbuffer *p);
static const char *parse_array(cJSON *item,const char *value);
static char *print_array(cJSON *item,int depth,int fmt,printbuffer *p);
static const char *parse_object(cJSON *item,const char *value);
static char *print_object(cJSON *item,int depth,int fmt,printbuffer *p);
/* Utility to jump whitespace and cr/lf */
static const char *skip(const char *in) {while (in && *in && (unsigned char)*in<=32) in++; return in;}
/* Parse an object - create a new root, and populate. */
cJSON *cJSON_ParseWithOpts(const char *value,const char **return_parse_end,int require_null_terminated)
{
const char *end=0;
cJSON *c=cJSON_New_Item();
ep=0;
if (!c) return 0; /* memory fail */
end=parse_value(c,skip(value));
if (!end) {cJSON_Delete(c);return 0;} /* parse failure. ep is set. */
/* if we require null-terminated JSON without appended garbage, skip and then check for a null terminator */
if (require_null_terminated) {end=skip(end);if (*end) {cJSON_Delete(c);ep=end;return 0;}}
if (return_parse_end) *return_parse_end=end;
return c;
}
/* Default options for cJSON_Parse */
cJSON *cJSON_Parse(const char *value) {return cJSON_ParseWithOpts(value,0,0);}
/* Render a cJSON item/entity/structure to text. */
char *cJSON_Print(cJSON *item) {return print_value(item,0,1,0);}
char *cJSON_PrintUnformatted(cJSON *item) {return print_value(item,0,0,0);}
char *cJSON_PrintBuffered(cJSON *item,int prebuffer,int fmt)
{
printbuffer p;
p.buffer=(char*)cJSON_malloc(prebuffer);
p.length=prebuffer;
p.offset=0;
return print_value(item,0,fmt,&p);
return p.buffer;
}
/* Parser core - when encountering text, process appropriately. */
static const char *parse_value(cJSON *item,const char *value)
{
if (!value) return 0; /* Fail on null. */
if (!strncmp(value,"null",4)) { item->type=cJSON_NULL; return value+4; }
if (!strncmp(value,"false",5)) { item->type=cJSON_False; return value+5; }
if (!strncmp(value,"true",4)) { item->type=cJSON_True; item->valueint=1; return value+4; }
if (*value=='\"') { return parse_string(item,value); }
if (*value=='-' || (*value>='0' && *value<='9')) { return parse_number(item,value); }
if (*value=='[') { return parse_array(item,value); }
if (*value=='{') { return parse_object(item,value); }
ep=value;return 0; /* failure. */
}
/* Render a value to text. */
static char *print_value(cJSON *item,int depth,int fmt,printbuffer *p)
{
char *out=0;
if (!item) return 0;
if (p)
{
switch ((item->type)&255)
{
case cJSON_NULL: {out=ensure(p,5); if (out) strcpy(out,"null"); break;}
case cJSON_False: {out=ensure(p,6); if (out) strcpy(out,"false"); break;}
case cJSON_True: {out=ensure(p,5); if (out) strcpy(out,"true"); break;}
case cJSON_Number: out=print_number(item,p);break;
case cJSON_String: out=print_string(item,p);break;
case cJSON_Array: out=print_array(item,depth,fmt,p);break;
case cJSON_Object: out=print_object(item,depth,fmt,p);break;
}
}
else
{
switch ((item->type)&255)
{
case cJSON_NULL: out=cJSON_strdup("null"); break;
case cJSON_False: out=cJSON_strdup("false");break;
case cJSON_True: out=cJSON_strdup("true"); break;
case cJSON_Number: out=print_number(item,0);break;
case cJSON_String: out=print_string(item,0);break;
case cJSON_Array: out=print_array(item,depth,fmt,0);break;
case cJSON_Object: out=print_object(item,depth,fmt,0);break;
}
}
return out;
}
/* Build an array from input text. */
static const char *parse_array(cJSON *item,const char *value)
{
cJSON *child;
if (*value!='[') {ep=value;return 0;} /* not an array! */
item->type=cJSON_Array;
value=skip(value+1);
if (*value==']') return value+1; /* empty array. */
item->child=child=cJSON_New_Item();
if (!item->child) return 0; /* memory fail */
value=skip(parse_value(child,skip(value))); /* skip any spacing, get the value. */
if (!value) return 0;
while (*value==',')
{
cJSON *new_item;
if (!(new_item=cJSON_New_Item())) return 0; /* memory fail */
child->next=new_item;new_item->prev=child;child=new_item;
value=skip(parse_value(child,skip(value+1)));
if (!value) return 0; /* memory fail */
}
if (*value==']') return value+1; /* end of array */
ep=value;return 0; /* malformed. */
}
/* Render an array to text */
static char *print_array(cJSON *item,int depth,int fmt,printbuffer *p)
{
char **entries;
char *out=0,*ptr,*ret;int len=5;
cJSON *child=item->child;
int numentries=0,i=0,fail=0;
size_t tmplen=0;
/* How many entries in the array? */
while (child) numentries++,child=child->next;
/* Explicitly handle numentries==0 */
if (!numentries)
{
if (p) out=ensure(p,3);
else out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(3);
if (out) strcpy(out,"[]");
return out;
}
if (p)
{
/* Compose the output array. */
i=p->offset;
ptr=ensure(p,1);if (!ptr) return 0; *ptr='['; p->offset++;
child=item->child;
while (child && !fail)
{
print_value(child,depth+1,fmt,p);
p->offset=update(p);
if (child->next) {len=fmt?2:1;ptr=ensure(p,len+1);if (!ptr) return 0;*ptr++=',';if(fmt)*ptr++=' ';*ptr=0;p->offset+=len;}
child=child->next;
}
ptr=ensure(p,2);if (!ptr) return 0; *ptr++=']';*ptr=0;
out=(p->buffer)+i;
}
else
{
/* Allocate an array to hold the values for each */
entries=(char**)cJSON_malloc(numentries*sizeof(char*));
if (!entries) return 0;
memset(entries,0,numentries*sizeof(char*));
/* Retrieve all the results: */
child=item->child;
while (child && !fail)
{
ret=print_value(child,depth+1,fmt,0);
entries[i++]=ret;
if (ret) len+=strlen(ret)+2+(fmt?1:0); else fail=1;
child=child->next;
}
/* If we didn't fail, try to malloc the output string */
if (!fail) out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(len);
/* If that fails, we fail. */
if (!out) fail=1;
/* Handle failure. */
if (fail)
{
for (i=0;i<numentries;i++) if (entries[i]) cJSON_free(entries[i]);
cJSON_free(entries);
return 0;
}
/* Compose the output array. */
*out='[';
ptr=out+1;*ptr=0;
for (i=0;i<numentries;i++)
{
tmplen=strlen(entries[i]);memcpy(ptr,entries[i],tmplen);ptr+=tmplen;
if (i!=numentries-1) {*ptr++=',';if(fmt)*ptr++=' ';*ptr=0;}
cJSON_free(entries[i]);
}
cJSON_free(entries);
*ptr++=']';*ptr++=0;
}
return out;
}
/* Build an object from the text. */
static const char *parse_object(cJSON *item,const char *value)
{
cJSON *child;
if (*value!='{') {ep=value;return 0;} /* not an object! */
item->type=cJSON_Object;
value=skip(value+1);
if (*value=='}') return value+1; /* empty array. */
item->child=child=cJSON_New_Item();
if (!item->child) return 0;
value=skip(parse_string(child,skip(value)));
if (!value) return 0;
child->string=child->valuestring;child->valuestring=0;
if (*value!=':') {ep=value;return 0;} /* fail! */
value=skip(parse_value(child,skip(value+1))); /* skip any spacing, get the value. */
if (!value) return 0;
while (*value==',')
{
cJSON *new_item;
if (!(new_item=cJSON_New_Item())) return 0; /* memory fail */
child->next=new_item;new_item->prev=child;child=new_item;
value=skip(parse_string(child,skip(value+1)));
if (!value) return 0;
child->string=child->valuestring;child->valuestring=0;
if (*value!=':') {ep=value;return 0;} /* fail! */
value=skip(parse_value(child,skip(value+1))); /* skip any spacing, get the value. */
if (!value) return 0;
}
if (*value=='}') return value+1; /* end of array */
ep=value;return 0; /* malformed. */
}
/* Render an object to text. */
static char *print_object(cJSON *item,int depth,int fmt,printbuffer *p)
{
char **entries=0,**names=0;
char *out=0,*ptr,*ret,*str;int len=7,i=0,j;
cJSON *child=item->child;
int numentries=0,fail=0;
size_t tmplen=0;
/* Count the number of entries. */
while (child) numentries++,child=child->next;
/* Explicitly handle empty object case */
if (!numentries)
{
if (p) out=ensure(p,fmt?depth+4:3);
else out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(fmt?depth+4:3);
if (!out) return 0;
ptr=out;*ptr++='{';
if (fmt) {*ptr++='\n';for (i=0;i<depth-1;i++) *ptr++='\t';}
*ptr++='}';*ptr++=0;
return out;
}
if (p)
{
/* Compose the output: */
i=p->offset;
len=fmt?2:1; ptr=ensure(p,len+1); if (!ptr) return 0;
*ptr++='{'; if (fmt) *ptr++='\n'; *ptr=0; p->offset+=len;
child=item->child;depth++;
while (child)
{
if (fmt)
{
ptr=ensure(p,depth); if (!ptr) return 0;
for (j=0;j<depth;j++) *ptr++='\t';
p->offset+=depth;
}
print_string_ptr(child->string,p);
p->offset=update(p);
len=fmt?2:1;
ptr=ensure(p,len); if (!ptr) return 0;
*ptr++=':';if (fmt) *ptr++='\t';
p->offset+=len;
print_value(child,depth,fmt,p);
p->offset=update(p);
len=(fmt?1:0)+(child->next?1:0);
ptr=ensure(p,len+1); if (!ptr) return 0;
if (child->next) *ptr++=',';
if (fmt) *ptr++='\n';*ptr=0;
p->offset+=len;
child=child->next;
}
ptr=ensure(p,fmt?(depth+1):2); if (!ptr) return 0;
if (fmt) for (i=0;i<depth-1;i++) *ptr++='\t';
*ptr++='}';*ptr=0;
out=(p->buffer)+i;
}
else
{
/* Allocate space for the names and the objects */
entries=(char**)cJSON_malloc(numentries*sizeof(char*));
if (!entries) return 0;
names=(char**)cJSON_malloc(numentries*sizeof(char*));
if (!names) {cJSON_free(entries);return 0;}
memset(entries,0,sizeof(char*)*numentries);
memset(names,0,sizeof(char*)*numentries);
/* Collect all the results into our arrays: */
child=item->child;depth++;if (fmt) len+=depth;
while (child && !fail)
{
names[i]=str=print_string_ptr(child->string,0);
entries[i++]=ret=print_value(child,depth,fmt,0);
if (str && ret) len+=strlen(ret)+strlen(str)+2+(fmt?2+depth:0); else fail=1;
child=child->next;
}
/* Try to allocate the output string */
if (!fail) out=(char*)cJSON_malloc(len);
if (!out) fail=1;
/* Handle failure */
if (fail)
{
for (i=0;i<numentries;i++) {if (names[i]) cJSON_free(names[i]);if (entries[i]) cJSON_free(entries[i]);}
cJSON_free(names);cJSON_free(entries);
return 0;
}
/* Compose the output: */
*out='{';ptr=out+1;if (fmt)*ptr++='\n';*ptr=0;
for (i=0;i<numentries;i++)
{
if (fmt) for (j=0;j<depth;j++) *ptr++='\t';
tmplen=strlen(names[i]);memcpy(ptr,names[i],tmplen);ptr+=tmplen;
*ptr++=':';if (fmt) *ptr++='\t';
strcpy(ptr,entries[i]);ptr+=strlen(entries[i]);
if (i!=numentries-1) *ptr++=',';
if (fmt) *ptr++='\n';*ptr=0;
cJSON_free(names[i]);cJSON_free(entries[i]);
}
cJSON_free(names);cJSON_free(entries);
if (fmt) for (i=0;i<depth-1;i++) *ptr++='\t';
*ptr++='}';*ptr++=0;
}
return out;
}
/* Get Array size/item / object item. */
int cJSON_GetArraySize(cJSON *array) {cJSON *c=array->child;int i=0;while(c)i++,c=c->next;return i;}
cJSON *cJSON_GetArrayItem(cJSON *array,int item) {cJSON *c=array->child; while (c && item>0) item--,c=c->next; return c;}
cJSON *cJSON_GetObjectItem(cJSON *object,const char *string) {cJSON *c=object->child; while (c && cJSON_strcasecmp(c->string,string)) c=c->next; return c;}
int cJSON_HasObjectItem(cJSON *object,const char *string) {
cJSON *c=object->child;
while (c )
{
if(cJSON_strcasecmp(c->string,string)==0){
return 1;
}
c=c->next;
}
return 0;
}
/* Utility for array list handling. */
static void suffix_object(cJSON *prev,cJSON *item) {prev->next=item;item->prev=prev;}
/* Utility for handling references. */
static cJSON *create_reference(cJSON *item) {cJSON *ref=cJSON_New_Item();if (!ref) return 0;memcpy(ref,item,sizeof(cJSON));ref->string=0;ref->type|=cJSON_IsReference;ref->next=ref->prev=0;return ref;}
/* Add item to array/object. */
void cJSON_AddItemToArray(cJSON *array, cJSON *item) {cJSON *c=array->child;if (!item) return; if (!c) {array->child=item;} else {while (c && c->next) c=c->next; suffix_object(c,item);}}
void cJSON_AddItemToObject(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *item) {if (!item) return; if (item->string) cJSON_free(item->string);item->string=cJSON_strdup(string);cJSON_AddItemToArray(object,item);}
void cJSON_AddItemToObjectCS(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *item) {if (!item) return; if (!(item->type&cJSON_StringIsConst) && item->string) cJSON_free(item->string);item->string=(char*)string;item->type|=cJSON_StringIsConst;cJSON_AddItemToArray(object,item);}
void cJSON_AddItemReferenceToArray(cJSON *array, cJSON *item) {cJSON_AddItemToArray(array,create_reference(item));}
void cJSON_AddItemReferenceToObject(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *item) {cJSON_AddItemToObject(object,string,create_reference(item));}
cJSON *cJSON_DetachItemFromArray(cJSON *array,int which) {cJSON *c=array->child;while (c && which>0) c=c->next,which--;if (!c) return 0;
if (c->prev) c->prev->next=c->next;if (c->next) c->next->prev=c->prev;if (c==array->child) array->child=c->next;c->prev=c->next=0;return c;}
void cJSON_DeleteItemFromArray(cJSON *array,int which) {cJSON_Delete(cJSON_DetachItemFromArray(array,which));}
cJSON *cJSON_DetachItemFromObject(cJSON *object,const char *string) {int i=0;cJSON *c=object->child;while (c && cJSON_strcasecmp(c->string,string)) i++,c=c->next;if (c) return cJSON_DetachItemFromArray(object,i);return 0;}
void cJSON_DeleteItemFromObject(cJSON *object,const char *string) {cJSON_Delete(cJSON_DetachItemFromObject(object,string));}
/* Replace array/object items with new ones. */
void cJSON_InsertItemInArray(cJSON *array,int which,cJSON *newitem) {cJSON *c=array->child;while (c && which>0) c=c->next,which--;if (!c) {cJSON_AddItemToArray(array,newitem);return;}
newitem->next=c;newitem->prev=c->prev;c->prev=newitem;if (c==array->child) array->child=newitem; else newitem->prev->next=newitem;}
void cJSON_ReplaceItemInArray(cJSON *array,int which,cJSON *newitem) {cJSON *c=array->child;while (c && which>0) c=c->next,which--;if (!c) return;
newitem->next=c->next;newitem->prev=c->prev;if (newitem->next) newitem->next->prev=newitem;
if (c==array->child) array->child=newitem; else newitem->prev->next=newitem;c->next=c->prev=0;cJSON_Delete(c);}
void cJSON_ReplaceItemInObject(cJSON *object,const char *string,cJSON *newitem){int i=0;cJSON *c=object->child;while(c && cJSON_strcasecmp(c->string,string))i++,c=c->next;if(c){newitem->string=cJSON_strdup(string);cJSON_ReplaceItemInArray(object,i,newitem);}}
/* Create basic types: */
cJSON *cJSON_CreateNull(void) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item)item->type=cJSON_NULL;return item;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateTrue(void) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item)item->type=cJSON_True;return item;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateFalse(void) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item)item->type=cJSON_False;return item;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateBool(int b) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item)item->type=b?cJSON_True:cJSON_False;return item;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateNumber(double num) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item){item->type=cJSON_Number;item->valuedouble=num;item->valueint=(int)num;}return item;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateString(const char *string) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item){item->type=cJSON_String;item->valuestring=cJSON_strdup(string);}return item;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateArray(void) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item)item->type=cJSON_Array;return item;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateObject(void) {cJSON *item=cJSON_New_Item();if(item)item->type=cJSON_Object;return item;}
/* Create Arrays: */
cJSON *cJSON_CreateIntArray(const int *numbers,int count) {int i;cJSON *n=0,*p=0,*a=cJSON_CreateArray();for(i=0;a && i<count;i++){n=cJSON_CreateNumber(numbers[i]);if(!i)a->child=n;else suffix_object(p,n);p=n;}return a;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateFloatArray(const float *numbers,int count) {int i;cJSON *n=0,*p=0,*a=cJSON_CreateArray();for(i=0;a && i<count;i++){n=cJSON_CreateNumber(numbers[i]);if(!i)a->child=n;else suffix_object(p,n);p=n;}return a;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateDoubleArray(const double *numbers,int count) {int i;cJSON *n=0,*p=0,*a=cJSON_CreateArray();for(i=0;a && i<count;i++){n=cJSON_CreateNumber(numbers[i]);if(!i)a->child=n;else suffix_object(p,n);p=n;}return a;}
cJSON *cJSON_CreateStringArray(const char **strings,int count) {int i;cJSON *n=0,*p=0,*a=cJSON_CreateArray();for(i=0;a && i<count;i++){n=cJSON_CreateString(strings[i]);if(!i)a->child=n;else suffix_object(p,n);p=n;}return a;}
/* Duplication */
cJSON *cJSON_Duplicate(cJSON *item,int recurse)
{
cJSON *newitem,*cptr,*nptr=0,*newchild;
/* Bail on bad ptr */
if (!item) return 0;
/* Create new item */
newitem=cJSON_New_Item();
if (!newitem) return 0;
/* Copy over all vars */
newitem->type=item->type&(~cJSON_IsReference),newitem->valueint=item->valueint,newitem->valuedouble=item->valuedouble;
if (item->valuestring) {newitem->valuestring=cJSON_strdup(item->valuestring); if (!newitem->valuestring) {cJSON_Delete(newitem);return 0;}}
if (item->string) {newitem->string=cJSON_strdup(item->string); if (!newitem->string) {cJSON_Delete(newitem);return 0;}}
/* If non-recursive, then we're done! */
if (!recurse) return newitem;
/* Walk the ->next chain for the child. */
cptr=item->child;
while (cptr)
{
newchild=cJSON_Duplicate(cptr,1); /* Duplicate (with recurse) each item in the ->next chain */
if (!newchild) {cJSON_Delete(newitem);return 0;}
if (nptr) {nptr->next=newchild,newchild->prev=nptr;nptr=newchild;} /* If newitem->child already set, then crosswire ->prev and ->next and move on */
else {newitem->child=newchild;nptr=newchild;} /* Set newitem->child and move to it */
cptr=cptr->next;
}
return newitem;
}
void cJSON_Minify(char *json)
{
char *into=json;
while (*json)
{
if (*json==' ') json++;
else if (*json=='\t') json++; /* Whitespace characters. */
else if (*json=='\r') json++;
else if (*json=='\n') json++;
else if (*json=='/' && json[1]=='/') while (*json && *json!='\n') json++; /* double-slash comments, to end of line. */
else if (*json=='/' && json[1]=='*') {while (*json && !(*json=='*' && json[1]=='/')) json++;json+=2;} /* multiline comments. */
else if (*json=='\"'){*into++=*json++;while (*json && *json!='\"'){if (*json=='\\') *into++=*json++;*into++=*json++;}*into++=*json++;} /* string literals, which are \" sensitive. */
else *into++=*json++; /* All other characters. */
}
*into=0; /* and null-terminate. */
}
cJSON 使用详解
https://www.cnblogs.com/liunianshiwei/p/6087596.html
6.2 关键接口梳理
/* 类型定义 */
#define cJSON_False 0
#define cJSON_True 1
#define cJSON_NULL 2
#define cJSON_Number 3
#define cJSON_String 4
#define cJSON_Array 5
#define cJSON_Object 6
/* CJSON核心结构体 */
typedef struct cJSON {
struct cJSON *next,*prev; /* next/prev allow you to walk array/object chains. Alternatively, use GetArraySize/GetArrayItem/GetObjectItem */
struct cJSON *child; /* An array or object item will have a child pointer pointing to a chain of the items in the array/object. */
int type; /* 节点的类型，取值是上面的6种 */
char *valuestring; /* 如果类型是cJSON_String，那么值会被存到这里 */
int valueint; /* 如果类型是cJSON_Number，且是整型，那么值会被存到这里 */
double valuedouble; /* 如果类型是cJSON_Number，且是浮点型，那么值会被存到这里 */
char *string; /* 键*/
} cJSON;
/****************************通用接口****************************/
//把传入的字符串转成cJSON的结构（反序列化）
cJSON *cJSON_Parse(const char *value);
//把cJSON结构转成字符串（序列化），调用后需要配合free接口释放malloc的内存
char *cJSON_Print(cJSON *item);
//无格式化序列化，节省内存，调用后需要配合free接口释放malloc的内存
char *cJSON_PrintUnformatted(cJSON *item);
//释放节点的内存，防止内存泄露
void cJSON_Delete(cJSON *c);
/****************************反序列化相关接口****************************/
//获取数组的大小
int cJSON_GetArraySize(cJSON *array);
//从array数组中获取第item个子节点
cJSON *cJSON_GetArrayItem(cJSON *array,int item);
//获取object大节点名字叫string的子节点
cJSON *cJSON_GetObjectItem(cJSON *object,const char *string);
//判断object大节点中是否有名字叫string的小节点
int cJSON_HasObjectItem(cJSON *object,const char *string);
/****************************序列化相关接口****************************/
//创建一个普通节点
cJSON *cJSON_CreateObject(void);
//创建一个数组节点
cJSON *cJSON_CreateArray(void);
//把item节点增加到array的数组节点中
void cJSON_AddItemToArray(cJSON *array, cJSON *item);
//把item节点增加到object中作为子节点，item节点的键名为string
void cJSON_AddItemToObject(cJSON *object, const char *string, cJSON *item);
//创建各种类型的cJSON节点
cJSON *cJSON_CreateNull(void);
cJSON *cJSON_CreateTrue(void);
cJSON *cJSON_CreateFalse(void);
cJSON *cJSON_CreateBool(int b);
cJSON *cJSON_CreateNumber(double num);
cJSON *cJSON_CreateString(const char *string);
cJSON *cJSON_CreateArray(void);
cJSON *cJSON_CreateObject(void);6.3 练习
6.3.1 反序列化
根据以上示例，使用cJSON库对下面的JSON文件进行反序列化操作。ver和login的子节点直接打印即可，data的数据节点解析后形成链表存储（将下面内容存为文件，读取后解析即可）。
{
"ver": "1.0",
"login": {
"user": "zhangsan",
"pwd": 1234
},
"data": [{
"key": 1,
"type": 2,
"val": "10"
},
{
"key": 2,
"type": 1,
"val": "0"
},
{
"key": 3,
"type": 3,
"val": "22.5"
}
]
}注意：上面的所有val值都是string类型，解析出来存到节点前，需要根据type的类型来进行转换，按照相应的类型存储到共用体中。
提示：对于数据解析后，形成新的节点存放链表，最好的方式是为每个节点分配单独的内存。例：
struct data {
int key;
int type;
union val_t val;
struct list_head list;
};
struct data *node = (struct data *)malloc(sizeof(struct data));
node->xxx = xxx;
插入链表即可实现代码1：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "cJSON.h"
#define N 1024
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
#if 0
//1.读取文件的内容
FILE *file = fopen("./data.json", "r");
if(NULL == file)
{
perror("open err");
return -1;
}
char buf[N] = {0};
int len = fread(buf, N, 1, file);
if(len < 0)
{
perror("read err\n");
return -1;
}
//printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
//Json反序列化
cJSON *root = cJSON_Parse(buf);
if(NULL == root)
{
printf("err parse\n");
return -1;
}
cJSON *item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "ver");
printf("%s = %s\n", item->string, item->valuestring);
cJSON *login = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "login");
item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(login, "pwd");
printf("pwd = %d\n", item->valueint);
//解析数组
cJSON *data = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "data");
int size = cJSON_GetArraySize(data);
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
item = cJSON_GetArrayItem(data, i);
cJSON *tmp = cJSON_GetObjectItem(item, "key");
printf("key = %d\n", tmp->valueint);
}
//释放内存
cJSON_Delete(root);
return 0;
}
实现代码2：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "list.h"
#include "cJSON.h"
#define BOOL int
union val_t
{
int val_int;
BOOL val_bool;
float val_float ;
};
struct data
{
int key;
int type;
union val_t val;
struct list_head list;
};
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
FILE *fp = fopen("./data.txt", "r");
char buf[1024]={0};
int ret=fread(buf, sizeof(buf),1,fp);
if (ret < 0)
{
printf("fread err\n");
return -1;
}
struct data *node = NULL ;
struct list_head head;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&head) ;
cJSON *root = NULL;
cJSON *item = NULL;
cJSON *arr = NULL;
cJSON *root = cJSON_Parse (buf);
if (root == NULL )
{
printf("error before: [%s]\n", cJSON_GetErrorPtr());
return -1;
}
cJSON *item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root,"ver");
printf("%s\n", cJSON_Print(item));
cJSON *item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "login");
cJSON *passwd = cJSON_GetObjectItem(item, "user" );
printf("%s\n", cJSON_Print(passwd));
cJSON *mpasswd = cJSON_GetObjectItem(item, "pwd" );
printf("%s\n", cJSON_Print (mpasswd));
item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "data");
int num, i;
num = cJSON_GetArraySize(item);
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
{
arr = cJSON_GetArrayItem(item, i);
node = (struct data *)malloc(sizeof(struct data));
cJSON *key = cJSON_GetObjectItem(arr, "key");
node->key = key->valueint ;
printf( "%d\n", key->valueint);
cJSON *type = cJSON_GetObjectItem(arr, "type");
node->type = type->valueint;
printf( "%d\n", type->valueint);
cJSON *val = cJSON_GetObjectItem(arr, "val");
switch (node->type)
{
case 1:
node->val.val_bool = atoi(val->valuestring);
printf( "%d\n", node->val.val_bool) ;
break ;
case 2:
node->val.val_int = atoi(val->valuestring) ;
printf("%d\n",node->val.val_int) ;
break;
case 3:
node->val.val_float = atof(val->valuestring);
printf( "%f\n", node->val.val_float) ;
break ;
}
list_add(&node->list,&head);
}
fclose(fp);
cJSON_Delete(root);
return 0;
}
6.3.2 序列化
使用cJSON库序列化出下面的JSON内容。
{
"name": "小明",
"age": 14,
"gender": true,
"height": 1.65,
"grade": null,
"skills": [
"JavaScript",
"Java",
"Python",
"Lisp"
]
}实现代码：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "cJSON.h"
#define N 1024
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
//构造树干
cJSON *root = cJSON_CreateObject();
//构造一个字符串类型的cjson节点
cJSON *item = cJSON_CreateString("小明");
//把某个子节点放到大节点上
cJSON_AddItemToObject(root, "name", item);
//构造一个数组节点
cJSON *skills = cJSON_CreateArray();
cJSON_AddItemToArray(skills, cJSON_CreateString("java"));
cJSON_AddItemToArray(skills, cJSON_CreateString("js"));
cJSON_AddItemToArray(skills, cJSON_CreateString("c++"));
//把数组大节点添加到root树上
cJSON_AddItemToObject(root, "skills", skills);
char *p = cJSON_PrintUnformatted(root);
printf("%s\n", p);
free(p);
cJSON_Delete(root);
return 0;
}
6.3.3 编译注意事项
编译cJSON库时候，gcc需要增加 -l m选项，动态链接math库。
gcc xxx.c -o xxx cJSON.c -lm
三、MQTT
1. 简介
MQTT（Message Queuing Telemetry Transport，消息队列遥测传输协议），是一种基于发布/订阅（publish/subscribe）模式的"轻量级"通讯协议，该协议构建于TCP/IP协议上，由IBM在1999年发布。MQTT最大优点在于，可以以极少的代码和有限的带宽，为连接远程设备提供实时可靠的消息服务。作为一种低开销、低带宽占用的即时通讯协议，使其在物联网、小型设备、移动应用等方面有较广泛的应用。
MQTT是一个基于客户端-服务器的消息发布/订阅传输协议。MQTT协议是轻量、简单、开放和易于实现的，这些特点使它适用范围非常广泛。在很多情况下，包括受限的环境中，如：机器与机器（M2M）通信和物联网（IoT）。其在，通过卫星链路通信传感器、偶尔拨号的医疗设备、智能家居、及一些小型化设备中已广泛使用。
2. 搭建MQTT服务器（Broker）
tar xf mosquitto-1.6.3.tar.gz
cd mosquitto-1.6.3/
make
sudo make install安装完成后，终端输入mosquitto命令即可运行。端口默认是1883
$ mosquitto
1639476502: mosquitto version 1.6.3 starting
1639476502: Using default config.
1639476502: Opening ipv4 listen socket on port 1883.
1639476502: Opening ipv6 listen socket on port 1883.
3. MQTT客户端
3.1 PC客户端
PC客户端测试推荐使用MQTT.fx客户端软件
官网下载地址:
Client ID是客户端唯一标识（类似与QQ），测试时候注意客户端ID不能一样，否则会出现互顶现象，可使用Generate按钮产生随机ID。
3.2 遇到的一系列问题
测试问题
这部分的测试要保证虚拟机和windows主机能互相ping通，如果不通可以尝试以下解决方案。
主机能ping通虚拟机，反之不行
检查windows防火墙是否关闭。
网络问题(windows和虚拟机不能互相ping通)
1. 点击虚拟机--设置，选择网络适配器，然后把桥接改为NAT模式，再次尝试连接。虚拟机获取到的IP可能和windows不是一个段，但是只要能互相ping通即可。
2.如果步骤1不行，点击编辑--虚拟网络编辑器，查看虚拟机是否缺少网卡，正常情况下，是0 1 8三个网卡。
3.如果点击了更改设置，仍只有两个网卡，那么需要还原下网络设置，这个操作必须先关闭虚拟机。
4.关闭后先尝试步骤1，基本就可以了。
5. 如果还不行，那么把步骤1的选项改为桥接尝试。人数比较多时候，桥接获取IP会比较慢。
网络ping通后仍连不上
看下是否未开启mosquitto服务
4. 客户端库移植
4.1 编译安装
官方下载地址
https://github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.c/tree/v1.3.0
把源码包放到自己家目录任意位置，执行下面的指令
unzip paho.mqtt.c-1.3.0.zip
cd paho.mqtt.c-1.3.0/
cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr
make
sudo make install源码目录下的src/samples中是官方示例demo，可修改demo中MQTTClient_subscribe.c（订阅）和MQTTClient_publish.c（发布），编写我们需要的代码。
4.2 代码分析
MQTTClient_subscribe.c代码部分：
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 2012, 2017 IBM Corp.
*
* All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
* are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
* and Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which accompany this distribution.
*
* The Eclipse Public License is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
* and the Eclipse Distribution License is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php.
*
* Contributors:
* Ian Craggs - initial contribution
*******************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "MQTTClient.h"
#define ADDRESS "tcp://192.168.31.240:1883"
#define CLIENTID "ExampleClientSub"
#define TOPIC "MQTT Examples"
#define PAYLOAD "Hello World!"
#define QOS 1
#define TIMEOUT 10000L
volatile MQTTClient_deliveryToken deliveredtoken;
void delivered(void *context, MQTTClient_deliveryToken dt)
{
printf("Message with token value %d delivery confirmed\n", dt);
deliveredtoken = dt;
}
/**
* @brief
*
* @param context
* @param topicName 收到来自哪个主题的消息
* @param topicLen 主题的长度
* @param message 消息体:payload(消息体，字符串) payloadlen：消息的长度
* @return int
*/
int msgarrvd(void *context, char *topicName, int topicLen, MQTTClient_message *message)
{
int i;
char* payloadptr;
printf("Message arrived\n");
printf(" topic: %s\n", topicName);
printf(" message: ");
#if 0
payloadptr = message->payload;
for(i=0; i<message->payloadlen; i++)
{
putchar(*payloadptr++);
}
#endif
printf("recv msg = %s\n", (char *)message->payload);
MQTTClient_freeMessage(&message);
MQTTClient_free(topicName);
return 1;
}
void connlost(void *context, char *cause)
{
printf("\nConnection lost\n");
printf(" cause: %s\n", cause);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
//客户端句柄（描述符）
MQTTClient client;
//连接参数
MQTTClient_connectOptions conn_opts = MQTTClient_connectOptions_initializer;
int rc;
int ch;
//创建客户端，并且指定客户端连接的mqtt服务器地址和客户端ID
MQTTClient_create(&client, ADDRESS, CLIENTID,
MQTTCLIENT_PERSISTENCE_NONE, NULL);
//初始化连接参数
conn_opts.keepAliveInterval = 20;
conn_opts.cleansession = 1;
//设置回调接口，只需要关注msgarrvd：消息到达后，会自动调用这个接口
MQTTClient_setCallbacks(client, NULL, connlost, msgarrvd, delivered);
//连接到broker
if ((rc = MQTTClient_connect(client, &conn_opts)) != MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS)
{
printf("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Subscribing to topic %s\nfor client %s using QoS%d\n\n"
"Press Q<Enter> to quit\n\n", TOPIC, CLIENTID, QOS);
//订阅某个主题，指定订阅主题的名字，可以指定qos服务质量
MQTTClient_subscribe(client, TOPIC, QOS);
//死循环，直到收到了一个q就退出
do
{
ch = getchar();
} while(ch!='Q' && ch != 'q');
MQTTClient_unsubscribe(client, TOPIC);
MQTTClient_disconnect(client, 10000);
MQTTClient_destroy(&client);
return rc;
}
注意：接收回调函数的返回值一定不要改，返回0会导致段错误。
MQTTClient_publish.c代码部分：
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 2012, 2017 IBM Corp.
*
* All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
* are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
* and Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which accompany this distribution.
*
* The Eclipse Public License is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
* and the Eclipse Distribution License is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php.
*
* Contributors:
* Ian Craggs - initial contribution
*******************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "MQTTClient.h"
#define ADDRESS "tcp://192.168.19.6:1883"
#define CLIENTID "ExampleClientPub"
#define TOPIC "MQTT Examples"
#define PAYLOAD "Hello World!"
#define QOS 1
#define TIMEOUT 10000L
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
MQTTClient client;
MQTTClient_connectOptions conn_opts = MQTTClient_connectOptions_initializer;
MQTTClient_message pubmsg = MQTTClient_message_initializer;
MQTTClient_deliveryToken token;
int rc;
MQTTClient_create(&client, ADDRESS, CLIENTID,
MQTTCLIENT_PERSISTENCE_NONE, NULL);
conn_opts.keepAliveInterval = 20;
conn_opts.cleansession = 1;
if ((rc = MQTTClient_connect(client, &conn_opts)) != MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS)
{
printf("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
pubmsg.payload = PAYLOAD;
pubmsg.payloadlen = (int)strlen(PAYLOAD);
pubmsg.qos = QOS;
pubmsg.retained = 0;
MQTTClient_publishMessage(client, TOPIC, &pubmsg, &token);
printf("Waiting for up to %d seconds for publication of %s\n"
"on topic %s for client with ClientID: %s\n",
(int)(TIMEOUT/1000), PAYLOAD, TOPIC, CLIENTID);
rc = MQTTClient_waitForCompletion(client, token, TIMEOUT);
printf("Message with delivery token %d delivered\n", token);
MQTTClient_disconnect(client, 10000);
MQTTClient_destroy(&client);
return rc;
}
4.3 编码测试
以MQTTClient_subscribe.c为例，修改代码中IP地址和主题即可完成最简单的通信。
使用如下命令编译代码，注意需要指定需要的库-l paho-mqtt3c
gcc MQTTClient_subscribe.c -l paho-mqtt3c编译完执行即可
samples$ ./a.out
Subscribing to topic MQTT Examples
for client ExampleClientSub using QoS1
Press Q<Enter> to quit4.4 练习
利用mqtt.fx软件实现聊天功能，fx订阅"up"主题，程序订阅"down"主题。使用如下的json通信协议。
{
"name": "zhangsan",
"age": 16,
"msg": "hello world"
}提示：mqtt的连接类似与TCP的连接，有且仅有一个连接。连接和订阅动作不能放到循环中。通信时不要用中文，我们终端默认是utf-8编码，而fx软件用的是其它编码，会出现乱码现象。
注意： 官方订阅和发布是两个例子，需要整合到一个代码里，最后只启动一个进程 。进程启动后，从终端获取用户输入然后发送给fx，并且能接收来自fx的消息。终端只接收msg，name和age按照上面的例子定死即可。涉及到多文件编译，可以写个Makefile来组织工程。对于同一个Broker地址只需要一路mqtt链接即可。
实现代码：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "MQTTClient.h"
#include "cJSON.h"
#define ADDRESS "tcp://192.168.50.142:1883"
#define CLIENTID "ExampleClientPub"
#define TOPICFXF "up"
#define TOPICCXF "down"
//#define PAYLOAD "Hello World!"
#define QOS 1
#define TIMEOUT 10000L
volatile MQTTClient_deliveryToken deliveredtoken;
void delivered(void *context, MQTTClient_deliveryToken dt)
{
//printf("Message with token value %d delivery confirmed\n", dt);
deliveredtoken = dt;
}
int msgarrvd(void *context, char *topicName, int topicLen, MQTTClient_message *message)
{
int i;
char *payloadptr;
//printf("Message arrived\n");
//printf(" topic: %s\n", topicName);
//printf(" message: ");
payloadptr = message->payload;
//for (i = 0; i < message->payloadlen; i++)
//{
// putchar(*payloadptr++);
//}
cJSON *root = cJSON_Parse(message->payload);
if (NULL==root)
{
printf("err parse\n");
return -1;
}
cJSON *item = NULL;
item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "name");
printf("name: %s\n", item->valuestring);
item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "age");
printf("age: %d\n", item->valueint);
item = cJSON_GetObjectItem(root, "msg");
printf("msg: %s\n", item->valuestring);
putchar('\n');
cJSON_Delete(root)
MQTTClient_freeMessage(&message);
MQTTClient_free(topicName);
return 1;
}
void connlost(void *context, char *cause)
{
printf("\nConnection lost\n");
printf(" cause: %s\n", cause);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
MQTTClient client;
MQTTClient_connectOptions conn_opts = MQTTClient_connectOptions_initializer;
MQTTClient_message pubmsg = MQTTClient_message_initializer;
MQTTClient_deliveryToken token;
int rc;
int ch;
MQTTClient_create(&client, ADDRESS, CLIENTID,
MQTTCLIENT_PERSISTENCE_NONE, NULL);
conn_opts.keepAliveInterval = 20;
conn_opts.cleansession = 1;
MQTTClient_setCallbacks(client, NULL, connlost, msgarrvd, delivered);
if ((rc = MQTTClient_connect(client, &conn_opts)) != MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS)
{
printf("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
MQTTClient_subscribe(client, TOPICFXF, QOS);
char buf[128];
while (1)
{
memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
//fgets(buf,sizeof(buf),stdin);
scanf("%s", buf);
if (strcmp(buf, "quit") == 0)
break;
cJSON *root1 = cJSON_CreateObject();
cJSON_AddItemToObject(root1, "name", cJSON_CreateString("zhangsan"));
cJSON_AddItemToObject(root1, "age", cJSON_CreateNumber(16));
cJSON_AddItemToObject(root1, "msg", cJSON_CreateString(buf));
//memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
pubmsg.payload = cJSON_Print(root1);
pubmsg.payloadlen = (int)strlen(cJSON_Print(root1));
pubmsg.qos = QOS;
pubmsg.retained = 0;
MQTTClient_publishMessage(client, TOPICCXF, &pubmsg, &token);
cJSON_Delete(root1);
//rc = MQTTClient_waitForCompletion(client, token, TIMEOUT);
//printf("Message with delivery token %d delivered\n", token);
}
MQTTClient_unsubscribe(client, TOPICFXF);
MQTTClient_disconnect(client, 10000);
MQTTClient_destroy(&client);
return rc;
}