（一）Django 编写在线教育平台笔记（Models设计，Xadmin设计）

Django Python2.7 编写在线教育平台笔记（第一部分Models设计，Xadmin设计）

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1： 创建虚拟环境(可选择用或不用虚拟环境)
  mkvirtualenv
安装
pip install django==1.9 
pip install python-mysql 
pip install Pillow

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后台admin用的xadmin 需安装以下依赖

Django=>1.9

django-crispy-forms==1.6.1

django-formtools==1.0

django-pure-pagination==0.3.0

django-simple-captcha==0.4.6

DjangoUeditor==1.8.143

httplib2==0.9.2

Pillow==3.4.2

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2： 创建Django项目
            python.manage.py startproject '项目名'

3:   创建Mysql 数据库 mconline  charset = utf8

      配置settings.py文件 建立MySQL连接

         DATABASES = {
                    'default': {
                    'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
                    'NAME': 'mconline',
                    'USER': 'root',
                    'PASSWORD': '123456',
                    'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
                    'PORT': '3306',
                             }
            }

    在Pychamrm中 win + ALT + r 调出快捷操作
    迁移文件 makemigrations
    生成数据库 migrate

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根据HTML页面设计AppModels开始

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创建 users APP  startapp users  并设计models

# 在settings.py配置 重载Django自带的user表 
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'users.UserProfile'

# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from datetime import datetime


class UserProfile(AbstractUser):
    """
        用户表设计
        如果Django自带的用户表无法满足的时候继承原表增加自己的字段
    """
    nick_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'昵称', default='')
    birthday = models.DateField(verbose_name=u'生日', blank=True, null=True)
    gender = models.CharField(choices=(('male', u'男'), ('female', u'女')),
                              default='female', max_length=6)
    address = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='')
    mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, null=True, blank=True)
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to='image/%Y/%m',
                              default=u'image/default.png', max_length=100)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'用户信息'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.username


class EmailVerifyRecord(models.Model):
    """
        邮箱验证码表设计 由于验证码只和Users有关系所以把表设计在UsersModels里
    """
    code = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name=u'验证码')
    email = models.EmailField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'邮箱')
    send_type = models.CharField(
        choices=(('register', u'注册'), ('forget', u'找回密码')), max_length=10)
    send_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'邮箱验证码'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Banner(models.Model):
    """
        轮播图表 设计
    """
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u'标题')
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to='banner/%Y/%m', verbose_name=u'轮播图',
                              max_length=100)
    url = models.URLField(max_length=200, verbose_name=u'访问地址')
    index = models.IntegerField(default=100, verbose_name=u'顺序')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'轮播图'

        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

创建课程app startapp courses 

# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models


class Course(models.Model):
    """
        CoursesAPP models设计
        课程表设计
    """
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'课程名')
    desc = models.CharField(max_length=300, verbose_name=u'课程描述')
    detail = models.TextField(verbose_name=u'课程详情')
    degree = models.CharField(
        choices=(('cj', u'初级'), ('zj', u'中级'), ('gj', u'高级')), max_length=2)
    learn_times = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'学习时长(分钟数)')
    students = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'学习人数')
    fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'收藏人数')
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to='course/%Y/%m', verbose_name='封面图',
                              max_length=100)
    click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'点击数')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'课程'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Lesson(models.Model):
    """
        课程章节表设计
        课程表与章节表是一对多的关系
        章节表外键引用课程表
    """
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u'课程')
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u'章节')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'章节'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Video(models.Model):
    """
       视频表设计
        视频表与章节表是一对多关系
        视频表外键引用章节表
    """
    lesson = models.ForeignKey(Lesson, verbose_name=u'章节')
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u'视频')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'视频'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class CourseResource(models.Model):
    """
       课程资源下载表设计
        引用课程外键
    """
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u'课程')
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u'名称')
    download = models.FileField(upload_to='course/resource/%Y/%m',
                                verbose_name=u'课程资源', max_length=100)
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'课程资源'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

创建机构APP startapp organization 并设计models

# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models


class CityDict(models.Model):
    """
        城市表设计
    """
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name=u'城市名字')
    desc = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name=u'城市描述')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'城市'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class CourseOrg(models.Model):
    """
        课程机构表设计
    """
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'机构名称')
    desc = models.TextField(verbose_name=u'机构描述')
    click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'点击数')
    fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'收藏数')
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to='org/%Y/%m', verbose_name='封面图',
                              max_length=100)
    address = models.CharField(max_length=150, verbose_name=u'机构地址')
    city = models.ForeignKey(CityDict, verbose_name=u'所在城市')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'课程机构'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class Teacher(models.Model):
    """
       教师表设计
        引用外键课程机构
    """
    org = models.ForeignKey(CourseOrg, verbose_name=u'所属机构')
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name=u'教师名字')
    work_years = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'工作年限')
    work_company = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'就职公司')
    work_position = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'公司职位')
    points = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'教学特点')
    click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'点击数')
    fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'收藏数')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'教师'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

创建operationAPP startapp operation

# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models

from users.models import UserProfile
from courses.models import Course


class UserAsk(models.Model):
    """
        用户咨询表
    """
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name=u'姓名')
    mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, verbose_name=u'手机')
    course_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u'课程名称')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'用户咨询'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class CourseComments(models.Model):
    """
        课程评论表
    """

    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u'用户')
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u'课程')
    comments = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name=u'评论')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'课程评论'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class UserFavorite(models.Model):
    """
        用户收藏表
    """
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u'用户')
    fav_id = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'数据id')
    fav_type = models.IntegerField(
        choices=((1, u'课程'), (2, u'课程机构'), (3, u'授课老师')), default=1,
        verbose_name=u'收藏类型')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'用户收藏'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class UserMessage(models.Model):
    """
        用户消息表
    """
    user = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'接收用户')
    message = models.CharField(max_length=500, verbose_name=u'消息内容')
    has_read = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name=u'是否已读')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'用户消息'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name


class UserCourse(models.Model):
    """
        用户课程表
    """
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u'用户')
    course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u'课程')
    add_time = models.DateTimeField(datetime.now, verbose_name=u'添加时间')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = u'用户课程'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

=======================================================================================

'AppModels设计结束'

========================================================================================

在项目同级目录创建apps文件包

将新建的4个app移动到apps方便管理

并且在settings.py中配置

import sys

sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'apps'))

否则运行会出现找不到Models错误

迁移文件 python.manage.py makemigrations

生成数据库 python.manage.py migrate

这时MySql数据库表建立完成

如果使用pychrmIDE 可以使用 Ctrl+Alt+r 调出快捷操作

创建admin超级管理 createsupperuser

写入用户名 邮箱 密码

在浏览器输入127.0.0.1:8000/admin登录 后台界面

在Settings.py中配置后台管理为中文显示

在Users app下admin.py  中将用户注册到后台

from django.contrib import admin

from .models import UserProfile


class UserProfileAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    pass


admin.site.register(UserProfile, UserProfileAdmin)

增加用户操作出现外键约束错误

解决办法在settings.py mysql配置中添加：

'OPTIONS':{
        "init_command":"SET foreign_key_checks = 0;",
        }

取消外键检查

安装Xadmin pip install xadmin   也可以选择源码安装在GitHub中下载 

在项目urls里配置xadmin路径

import xadmin
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'^xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls),

]

在浏览器中输入 http://127.0.0.1:8000/xadmin/

Xadmin 后台管理页面

接下来将设计的Models注册到Xadmin后台管理页面中

在UsersAPP下新建adminx.py文件 （Xadmin会自动搜索App下的adminx.py文件）

# !/usr/bin/env python 
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
__author__ = '_X.xx_'
__date__ = '2018/6/7 20:23'

import xadmin
from .models import EmailVerifyRecord


class EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object):
    """
        注册邮箱验证表到xadmin后台管理页面
    """

# 后台显示列
list_display = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']

# 通过字段进行搜索
search_fields = ['code', 'email', 'send_type']

xadmin .site . register (EmailVerifyRecord , EmailVerifyRecordAdmin )

class BannerAdmin(object):
    """
        注册轮播图到xadmin后台管理页面
    """
    list_display = ['title', 'image', 'url', 'index', 'add_time']
    # 通过字段进行搜索
    search_fields = ['title', 'image', 'url', 'index']
    # 过滤器筛选功能
    list_filter = ['title', 'image', 'url', 'index', 'add_time']


xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord, EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Banner, BannerAdmin)

将课程APP中的models注册到xadmin后台管理页面

在course app中新建adminx.py

# !/usr/bin/env python 
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
__author__ = '_X.xx_'
__date__ = '2018/6/7 23:11'

from .models import *
import xadmin


class CourseAdmin(object):
    """
        把课程表注册到xadmin后台管理页面
    """
    list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'detail', 'degree', 'learn_times',
                    'students', 'fav_nums', 'click_nums', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'detail', 'degree', 'learn_times',
                     'students', 'fav_nums', 'click_nums']
    list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'detail', 'degree', 'learn_times',
                   'students', 'fav_nums', 'click_nums', 'add_time']


xadmin.site.register(Course, CourseAdmin)

剩下的注册都一样

是不是菜单栏看起来很乱？接下来优化一下 在Users app 下adminx.py中写入

from xadmin import views


class BaseSetting(object):
    enable_themes = True
    use_bootswatch = True


class GlobalSetting(object):
    site_title = '_X.xx_后台管理系统'
    site_footer = '_X.xx_在线网'
    menu_style = 'accordion'


xadmin.site.register(views.BaseAdminView, BaseSetting)
xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView, GlobalSetting)

修改后的后台管理页面 增加菜单折叠功能  主题功能  页头名 底部名的修改 看起来很炫酷

接下来自定义显示APP名称

在每个APP下面都有个apps.py文件在里面添加

# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_   还有这个
from django.apps import AppConfig


class UsersConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'users'
    verbose_name = u'用户信息'    # 这行

并且在每个APP下的__init__.py下添加对应的config  

default_app_config = 'users.apps.UsersConfig'

更改完成后的界面 就可以自定义显示了