Android 11 上的文件读写权限(MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)

平台

Android11 + RK3566 + AndroidStudio

Android 权限的变化, 几乎每个版本的SDK都会有, 其中最大的一次是在6.0时, 增加的动态权限申请
读写存储的权限也几经更迭, 对开发人员来说, 越来越难.比如, 本文所要讨论的:允许管理所有文件 在这里插入图片描述

如何出现上面两种不同的文件权限选项?

首先是 targetSdkVersion 大于等于 30. (build.gradle)
当声明了 READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE和WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
仅允许访问媒体文件
当声明了 MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE 会增加允许管理所有文件
targetSdkVersion <= 28 时, 只有允许管理所有文件和拒绝选项.

编写测试代码执行以下动作:

申请权限
获取内部存储下的1.txt文件
若文件存在, 删除并输出结果
尝试写入文件

读写失败:

2022-09-03 07:25:11.067 1262-10770/com.android.providers.media.module E/MediaProvider: insertFileIfNecessary failed
    java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Primary directory null not allowed for content://media/external_primary/file; allowed directories are [Download, Documents]
        at com.android.providers.media.MediaProvider.ensureFileColumns(MediaProvider.java:2923)
        at com.android.providers.media.MediaProvider.ensureUniqueFileColumns(MediaProvider.java:2588)
        at com.android.providers.media.MediaProvider.insertFile(MediaProvider.java:3282)
        at com.android.providers.media.MediaProvider.insertInternal(MediaProvider.java:3826)
        at com.android.providers.media.MediaProvider.insert(MediaProvider.java:3537)
        at com.android.providers.media.MediaProvider.insertFileForFuse(MediaProvider.java:7187)
        at com.android.providers.media.MediaProvider.insertFileIfNecessaryForFuse(MediaProvider.java:7281)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.068 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err: java.io.FileNotFoundException: /storage/emulated/0/1.txt: open failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.068 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at libcore.io.IoBridge.open(IoBridge.java:492)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.068 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at java.io.FileOutputStream.<init>(FileOutputStream.java:236)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.068 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at java.io.FileOutputStream.<init>(FileOutputStream.java:186)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.069 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at com.android.apitester.PermissionTest.fileOperation(PermissionTest.java:124)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.069 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at com.android.apitester.PermissionTest.onClick(PermissionTest.java:50)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.069 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.view.View.performClick(View.java:7448)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.069 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.view.View.performClickInternal(View.java:7425)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.069 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.view.View.access$3600(View.java:810)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.070 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.view.View$PerformClick.run(View.java:28310)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.070 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:938)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.070 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:99)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.070 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:223)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.070 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7664)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.070 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.071 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:592)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.071 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:947)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.071 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err: Caused by: android.system.ErrnoException: open failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.071 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at libcore.io.Linux.open(Native Method)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.072 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at libcore.io.ForwardingOs.open(ForwardingOs.java:166)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.072 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at libcore.io.BlockGuardOs.open(BlockGuardOs.java:254)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.072 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at libcore.io.ForwardingOs.open(ForwardingOs.java:166)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.072 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at android.app.ActivityThread$AndroidOs.open(ActivityThread.java:7550)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.072 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err:     at libcore.io.IoBridge.open(IoBridge.java:478)
2022-09-03 07:25:11.072 10710-10710/com.android.apitester W/System.err: 	... 15 more
2022-09-03 07:25:11.073 10710-10710/com.android.apitester E/PermissionTest: write /storage/emulated/0/1.txt failed
2022-09-03 07:25:11.094 1262-1367/com.android.providers.media.module I/MediaProvider: Deleted 1 items on external_primary due to com.android.apitester
2022-09-03 07:25:11.097 10710-10710/com.android.apitester D/PermissionTest: delete /storage/emulated/0/Download/1.txt success
2022-09-03 07:25:11.124 10710-10710/com.android.apitester D/PermissionTest: write /storage/emulated/0/Download/1.txt success
2022-09-03 07:25:11.131 10710-10710/com.android.apitester D/PermissionTest: delete /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/com.android.apitester/files/Documents/1.txt success
2022-09-03 07:25:11.137 10710-10710/com.android.apitester D/PermissionTest: write /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/com.android.apitester/files/Documents/1.txt success

结果(FAILED:失败, SUCCESS成功):

DIR	仅允许访问媒体文件	允许管理所有文件
/storage/emulated/0	FAILED	SUCCESS
/storage/emulated/0/Download	FAILED	SUCCESS
/storage/emulated/0/Android/data/com.android.apitester/files/Documents	SUCCESS	SUCCESS

源码中权限窗口

packages/apps/PermissionController/

START u0 {act=android.intent.action.MANAGE_APP_PERMISSIONS cmp=com.android.permissioncontroller/.permission.ui.ManagePermissionsActivity (has extras)} from uid 1000

布局文件

packages/apps/PermissionController/res/navigation/nav_graph.xml
packages/apps/PermissionController/res/layout/app_permission.xml
相关源码
packages/apps/PermissionController/src/com/android/permissioncontroller/permission/ui/ManagePermissionsActivity.java
packages/apps/PermissionController/src/com/android/permissioncontroller/permission/ui/handheld/AppPermissionFragment.java

请求权限的交互

UI显示内容的判定

加载应用存储权限
packages/apps/PermissionController/src/com/android/permissioncontroller/permission/data/FullStoragePermissionAppsLiveData.kt

    data class FullStoragePackageState(
        val packageName: String,
        val user: UserHandle,
        val isLegacy: Boolean,
        val isGranted: Boolean
    )
    override suspend fun loadDataAndPostValue(job: Job) {
    
    
        val storagePackages = standardPermGroupsPackagesLiveData.value?.get(STORAGE) ?: return
        val appOpsManager = app.getSystemService(AppOpsManager::class.java) ?: return

        val fullStoragePackages = mutableListOf<FullStoragePackageState>()
        for ((user, packageInfoList) in AllPackageInfosLiveData.value ?: emptyMap()) {
    
    
            val userPackages = packageInfoList.filter {
    
    
                storagePackages.contains(it.packageName to user) ||
                    it.requestedPermissions.contains(MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)
            }

            for (packageInfo in userPackages) {
    
    
                val sdk = packageInfo.targetSdkVersion
                if (sdk < Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
    
    //targetSdkVersion 28
                    fullStoragePackages.add(FullStoragePackageState(packageInfo.packageName, user,
                        isLegacy = true, isGranted = true))
                    continue
                } else if (sdk <= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q &&//targetSdkVersion 29
                    appOpsManager.unsafeCheckOpNoThrow(OPSTR_LEGACY_STORAGE, packageInfo.uid,
                        packageInfo.packageName) == MODE_ALLOWED) {
    
    
                    fullStoragePackages.add(FullStoragePackageState(packageInfo.packageName, user,
                        isLegacy = true, isGranted = true))
                    continue
                }
                //存在MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
                if (MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE in packageInfo.requestedPermissions) {
    
    
                    val mode = appOpsManager.unsafeCheckOpNoThrow(OPSTR_MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,
                        packageInfo.uid, packageInfo.packageName)
                    val granted = mode == MODE_ALLOWED || mode == MODE_FOREGROUND ||
                        (mode == MODE_DEFAULT &&
                            MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE in packageInfo.grantedPermissions)
                    fullStoragePackages.add(FullStoragePackageState(packageInfo.packageName, user,
                        isLegacy = false, isGranted = granted))
                }
            }
        }

        postValue(fullStoragePackages)
    }

isLegacy表示是否是旧的权限模式, UI会根据上面的代码进行逻辑运算并更新对应的UI信息.

packages/apps/PermissionController/src/com/android/permissioncontroller/permission/ui/model/AppPermissionViewModel.kt

        override fun onUpdate() {
    
    
            val group = appPermGroupLiveData.value ?: return

            val admin = RestrictedLockUtils.getProfileOrDeviceOwner(app, user)

            val couldPackageHaveFgCapabilities =
                    foregroundCapableType != Utils.ForegroundCapableType.NONE

            val allowedState = ButtonState()
            val allowedAlwaysState = ButtonState()
            val allowedForegroundState = ButtonState()
            val askOneTimeState = ButtonState()
            val askState = ButtonState()
            val deniedState = ButtonState()
            val deniedForegroundState = ButtonState() // when bg is fixed as granted and fg is flex

            askState.isShown = Utils.supportsOneTimeGrant(permGroupName) &&
                    !(group.foreground.isGranted && group.isOneTime)
            deniedState.isShown = true

            if (group.hasPermWithBackgroundMode) {
    
    
                // Background / Foreground / Deny case
                allowedForegroundState.isShown = true
                if (group.hasBackgroundGroup) {
    
    
                    allowedAlwaysState.isShown = true
                }

                allowedAlwaysState.isChecked = group.background.isGranted &&
                    group.foreground.isGranted
                allowedForegroundState.isChecked = group.foreground.isGranted &&
                    !group.background.isGranted && !group.isOneTime
                askState.isChecked = !group.foreground.isGranted && group.isOneTime
                askOneTimeState.isChecked = group.foreground.isGranted && group.isOneTime
                askOneTimeState.isShown = askOneTimeState.isChecked
                deniedState.isChecked = !group.foreground.isGranted && !group.isOneTime
                var detailId = 0
                if (applyFixToForegroundBackground(group, group.foreground.isSystemFixed,
                        group.background.isSystemFixed, allowedAlwaysState,
                        allowedForegroundState, askState, deniedState,
                        deniedForegroundState) ||
                    applyFixToForegroundBackground(group, group.foreground.isPolicyFixed,
                        group.background.isPolicyFixed, allowedAlwaysState,
                        allowedForegroundState, askState, deniedState,
                        deniedForegroundState)) {
    
    
                    showAdminSupportLiveData.value = admin
                    detailId = getDetailResIdForFixedByPolicyPermissionGroup(group,
                        admin != null)
                    if (detailId != 0) {
    
    
                        detailResIdLiveData.value = detailId to null
                    }
                } else if (Utils.areGroupPermissionsIndividuallyControlled(app, permGroupName)) {
    
    
                    val detailPair = getIndividualPermissionDetailResId(group)
                    detailId = detailPair.first
                    detailResIdLiveData.value = detailId to detailPair.second
                }
                if (couldPackageHaveFgCapabilities) {
    
    
                    // Correct the UI in case the app can access bg location with only fg perm
                    allowedAlwaysState.isShown = true
                    allowedAlwaysState.isChecked =
                            allowedAlwaysState.isChecked || allowedForegroundState.isChecked
                    // Should be enabled && is denied enabled for the user to be able to switch to.
                    allowedAlwaysState.isEnabled =
                            ((allowedAlwaysState.isEnabled && allowedAlwaysState.isShown) ||
                                    allowedForegroundState.isEnabled) &&
                                    ((deniedState.isEnabled && deniedState.isShown) ||
                                            (deniedForegroundState.isEnabled &&
                                                    deniedForegroundState.isShown))
                    allowedForegroundState.isChecked = false
                    allowedForegroundState.isEnabled = false
                    deniedState.isChecked = deniedState.isChecked || askState.isChecked
                    deniedForegroundState.isChecked = deniedState.isChecked
                    askState.isEnabled = false

                    if (detailId == 0) {
    
    
                        detailId = getForegroundCapableDetailResId(foregroundCapableType)
                        if (detailId != 0) {
    
    
                            detailResIdLiveData.value = detailId to null
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
    
    
                // Allow / Deny case
                allowedState.isShown = true

                allowedState.isChecked = group.foreground.isGranted
                askState.isChecked = !group.foreground.isGranted && group.isOneTime
                askOneTimeState.isChecked = group.foreground.isGranted && group.isOneTime
                askOneTimeState.isShown = askOneTimeState.isChecked
                deniedState.isChecked = !group.foreground.isGranted && !group.isOneTime

                var detailId = 0
                if (group.foreground.isPolicyFixed || group.foreground.isSystemFixed) {
    
    
                    allowedState.isEnabled = false
                    askState.isEnabled = false
                    deniedState.isEnabled = false
                    showAdminSupportLiveData.value = admin
                    val detailId = getDetailResIdForFixedByPolicyPermissionGroup(group,
                        admin != null)
                    if (detailId != 0) {
    
    
                        detailResIdLiveData.value = detailId to null
                    }
                }
                if (isForegroundGroupSpecialCase(permGroupName)) {
    
    
                    allowedForegroundState.isShown = true
                    allowedState.isShown = false
                    allowedForegroundState.isChecked = allowedState.isChecked
                    allowedForegroundState.isEnabled = allowedState.isEnabled
                    if (couldPackageHaveFgCapabilities || (Utils.isEmergencyApp(app, packageName) &&
                                    isMicrophone(permGroupName))) {
    
    
                        allowedAlwaysState.isShown = true
                        allowedAlwaysState.isChecked = allowedForegroundState.isChecked
                        allowedAlwaysState.isEnabled = allowedForegroundState.isEnabled
                        allowedForegroundState.isChecked = false
                        allowedForegroundState.isEnabled = false
                        deniedState.isChecked = deniedState.isChecked || askState.isChecked
                        askState.isEnabled = false

                        if (detailId == 0) {
    
    
                            detailId = getForegroundCapableDetailResId(foregroundCapableType)
                            if (detailId != 0) {
    
    
                                detailResIdLiveData.value = detailId to null
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (group.packageInfo.targetSdkVersion < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
    
    
                // Pre-M app's can't ask for runtime permissions
                askState.isShown = false
                deniedState.isChecked = askState.isChecked || deniedState.isChecked
                deniedForegroundState.isChecked = askState.isChecked ||
                    deniedForegroundState.isChecked
            }

            val storageState = fullStorageStateLiveData.value
            if (isStorage && storageState?.isLegacy != true) {
    
    
                val allowedAllFilesState = allowedAlwaysState
                val allowedMediaOnlyState = allowedForegroundState
                if (storageState != null) {
    
    
                        // Set up the tri state permission for storage
                        allowedAllFilesState.isEnabled = allowedState.isEnabled
                        allowedAllFilesState.isShown = true
                        if (storageState.isGranted) {
    
    
                            allowedAllFilesState.isChecked = true
                            deniedState.isChecked = false
                        }
                } else {
    
    
                    allowedAllFilesState.isEnabled = false
                    allowedAllFilesState.isShown = false
                }
                allowedMediaOnlyState.isShown = true
                allowedMediaOnlyState.isEnabled = allowedState.isEnabled
                allowedMediaOnlyState.isChecked = allowedState.isChecked &&
                    storageState?.isGranted != true
                allowedState.isChecked = false
                allowedState.isShown = false
            }

            value = mapOf(ALLOW to allowedState, ALLOW_ALWAYS to allowedAlwaysState,
                ALLOW_FOREGROUND to allowedForegroundState, ASK_ONCE to askOneTimeState,
                ASK to askState, DENY to deniedState, DENY_FOREGROUND to deniedForegroundState)
        }
    }

权限请求

当targetSdkVersion设置为高版本后, 下面的权限请求代码, 只能申请到仅允许访问媒体文件

		String[] perms = {
    
    
				//"android.permission.MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE",
				Manifest.permission.MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,
				Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,
				Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,
		};
		requestPermissions(perms, 0x01);

实际上, MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE现传统的读写权限有很大的区别, 它与浮窗的权限类似, 由AppOpsService进行管理, 上面的代码, 不是能直接向AppOpsService申请权限.

开发者可以借助三方工具实现权限请求一般会通过调起系统的授权窗口, 引导用户操作授权:

方法一
设置 > 应用和通知 > 高级特殊应用权限 > 所有文件访问权限 > App名称 > 授予所有文件管权限
方法二 (实际去到了PermissionController)
设置 > 应用和通知 > 所有应用 > App名称 > 权限 > 文件和媒体 > 允许管理所有文件

//方法1
START u0 {act=android.settings.MANAGE_APP_ALL_FILES_ACCESS_PERMISSION dat=package:com.android.apitester cmp=com.android.settings/.Settings$AppManageExternalStorageActivity}
方法2
START u0 {act=android.intent.action.MANAGE_APP_PERMISSIONS cmp=com.android.permissioncontroller/.permission.ui.ManagePermissionsActivity (has extras)} from uid 1000

这里不作细述.

对于XXPermissions试了下, 有两点不习惯的地方:

要求支持android.support.v4.app.Fragment

ApiTester/src/main/java/com/android/apitester/PermissionTest.java:78: error: cannot access Fragment
		XXPermissions.with(this)
		             ^
  class file for android.support.v4.app.Fragment not found
//所以还得增加依赖包
implementation 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:27.1.1'

2.异常

Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: If you have applied for MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permissions, do not apply for the READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE and WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permissions
   at com.hjq.permissions.PermissionChecker.optimizeDeprecatedPermission(PermissionChecker.java:239)
   at com.hjq.permissions.XXPermissions.request(XXPermissions.java:167)
   at com.android.apitester.PermissionTest.onCreate(PermissionTest.java:34)
   at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:8022)
   at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:8006)
   at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1309)
   at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3404)
   at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3595) 
   at android.app.servertransaction.LaunchActivityItem.execute(LaunchActivityItem.java:85) 
   at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.executeCallbacks(TransactionExecutor.java:135) 
   at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.execute(TransactionExecutor.java:95) 
   at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2066) 
   at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:106) 
   at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:223) 
   at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7664) 
   at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method) 
   at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:592) 
   at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:947)