滑动平均原理部分：
注释：原理部分参考http://www.mbalib.com/，不过这个讲解的太菜了，评论清一色都是看不懂，大家简单看一下原理，例子别看了，越看越糊涂~~
一、简单移动平均法
简单移动平均的各元素的权重都相等。简单的移动平均的计算公式如下： Ft＝（At-1＋At-2＋At-3＋…＋At-n）/n式中，
·Ft–对下一期的预测值；
·n–移动平均的时期个数；
·At-1–前期实际值；
·At-2，At-3和At-n分别表示前两期、前三期直至前n期的实际值。
二、加权移动平均法
加权移动平均给固定跨越期限内的每个变量值以不同的权重。其原理是：历史各期产品需求的数据信息对预测未来期内的需求量的作用是不一样的。除了以n为周期的周期性变化外，远离目标期的变量值的影响力相对较低，故应给予较低的权重。加权移动平均法的计算公式如下：
Ft＝w1At-1＋w2At-2＋w3At-3＋…＋wnAt-n式中，
·w1–第t-1期实际销售额的权重；
·w2–第t-2期实际销售额的权重；
·wn–第t-n期实际销售额的权
·n–预测的时期数；w1＋ w2＋…＋ wn＝1
TF滑动平均原理：
TensorFlow中提供了tf.train.ExponentialMovingAverage 来实现滑动平均模型，在采用随机梯度下降算法训练神经网络时，使用其可以提高模型在测试数据上的健壮性（robustness)。
TensorFlow下的 tf.train.ExponentialMovingAverage 需要提供一个衰减率decay。该衰减率用于控制模型更新的速度。该衰减率用于控制模型更新的速度，ExponentialMovingAverage 对每一个待更新的变量（variable）都会维护一个影子变量（shadow variable）,影子变量的初始值就是这个变量的初始值.
上述公式与之前介绍的一阶滞后滤波法的公式相比较，会发现有很多相似的地方，从名字上面也可以很好的理解这个简约不简单算法的原理：平滑、滤波，即使数据平滑变化，通过调整参数来调整变化的稳定性。
在滑动平滑模型中， decay 决定了模型更新的速度，越大越趋于稳定。实际运用中，decay 一般会设置为十分接近 1 的常数（0.999或0.9999）。为了使得模型在训练的初始阶段更新得更快，ExponentialMovingAverage 还提供了 num_updates 参数来动态设置 decay 的大小：
注释：其实原理大家一眼看去就明白了，但是实际操作还是有点麻烦的，我在这里不去单纯的讲解原理怎么实现，下面结合TF的例子和源代码去分析。
TF程序原理：
import tensorflow as tf
v1 = tf.Variable(0, dtype=tf.float32)#初始化v1变量
step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False) #初始化step为0
ema = tf.train.ExponentialMovingAverage(0.99,step) #定义平滑类，设置参数以及step
maintain_averages_op = ema.apply([v1]) #定义更新变量平均操作,
with tf.Session() as sess:
# 初始化
init_op = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init_op)
print (sess.run([v1, ema.average(v1)]))
# 更新变量v1的取值
sess.run(tf.assign(v1, 5))
sess.run(maintain_averages_op)
print (sess.run([v1, ema.average(v1)]))
# 更新step和v1的取值
sess.run(tf.assign(step, 1))
sess.run(tf.assign(v1, 1000))
sess.run(maintain_averages_op)
print (sess.run([v1, ema.average(v1)]))
# 更新一次v1的滑动平均值
sess.run(maintain_averages_op)
print (sess.run([v1, ema.average(v1)]))
程序运行过程：
step1：V0 = 0 ， step = 0 ， decay = 0.1
result : [0.0，0.0]
step2：V1 = 0 ， step = 0， decay = 0.1
result：[5.0，4.5]
step3：V1 = 1000 ， step = 1， decay = 0.1818
result：[1000，819.0]
step4：V1 = 1000 ， step = 1， decay = 0.1818
result：[1000，967.09094]
TF源代码：
# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Maintain moving averages of parameters."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
from tensorflow.python.framework import dtypes
from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import control_flow_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import init_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import math_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import state_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import variable_scope
from tensorflow.python.ops import variables
from tensorflow.python.training import slot_creator
from tensorflow.python.util.tf_export import tf_export
# TODO(touts): switch to variables.Variable.
def assign_moving_average(variable, value, decay, zero_debias=True, name=None):
"""Compute the moving average of a variable.
The moving average of 'variable' updated with 'value' is:
variable * decay + value * (1 - decay)
The returned Operation sets 'variable' to the newly computed moving average.
The new value of 'variable' can be set with the 'AssignSub' op as:
variable -= (1 - decay) * (variable - value)
Since variables that are initialized to a `0` value will be `0` biased,
`zero_debias` optionally enables scaling by the mathematically correct
debiasing factor of
1 - decay ** num_updates
See `ADAM: A Method for Stochastic Optimization` Section 3 for more details
(https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980).
The names of the debias shadow variables, by default, include both the scope
they were created in and the scope of the variables they debias. They are also
given a uniqifying-suffix.
E.g.:
```
with tf.variable_scope('scope1'):
with tf.variable_scope('scope2'):
var = tf.get_variable('foo')
tf.assign_moving_average(var, 0.0, 1.0)
tf.assign_moving_average(var, 0.0, 0.9)
# var.name: 'scope1/scope2/foo'
# shadow var names: 'scope1/scope2/scope1/scope2/foo/biased'
# 'scope1/scope2/scope1/scope2/foo/biased_1'
```
Args:
variable: A Variable.
value: A tensor with the same shape as 'variable'.
decay: A float Tensor or float value. The moving average decay.
zero_debias: A python bool. If true, assume the variable is 0-initialized
and unbias it, as in https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980. See docstring in
`_zero_debias` for more details.
name: Optional name of the returned operation.
Returns:
A reference to the input 'variable' tensor with the newly computed
moving average.
"""
with ops.name_scope(name, "AssignMovingAvg",
[variable, value, decay]) as scope:
with ops.colocate_with(variable):
decay = ops.convert_to_tensor(1.0 - decay, name="decay")
if decay.dtype != variable.dtype.base_dtype:
decay = math_ops.cast(decay, variable.dtype.base_dtype)
if zero_debias:
update_delta = _zero_debias(variable, value, decay)
else:
update_delta = (variable - value) * decay
return state_ops.assign_sub(variable, update_delta, name=scope)
def weighted_moving_average(value,
decay,
weight,
truediv=True,
collections=None,
name=None):
"""Compute the weighted moving average of `value`.
Conceptually, the weighted moving average is:
`moving_average(value * weight) / moving_average(weight)`,
where a moving average updates by the rule
`new_value = decay * old_value + (1 - decay) * update`
Internally, this Op keeps moving average variables of both `value * weight`
and `weight`.
Args:
value: A numeric `Tensor`.
decay: A float `Tensor` or float value. The moving average decay.
weight: `Tensor` that keeps the current value of a weight.
Shape should be able to multiply `value`.
truediv: Boolean, if `True`, dividing by `moving_average(weight)` is
floating point division. If `False`, use division implied by dtypes.
collections: List of graph collections keys to add the internal variables
`value * weight` and `weight` to.
Defaults to `[GraphKeys.GLOBAL_VARIABLES]`.
name: Optional name of the returned operation.
Defaults to "WeightedMovingAvg".
Returns:
An Operation that updates and returns the weighted moving average.
"""
# Unlike assign_moving_average, the weighted moving average doesn't modify
# user-visible variables. It is the ratio of two internal variables, which are
# moving averages of the updates. Thus, the signature of this function is
# quite different than assign_moving_average.
if collections is None:
collections = [ops.GraphKeys.GLOBAL_VARIABLES]
with variable_scope.variable_scope(name, "WeightedMovingAvg",
[value, weight, decay]) as scope:
value_x_weight_var = variable_scope.get_variable(
"value_x_weight",
shape=value.get_shape(),
dtype=value.dtype,
initializer=init_ops.zeros_initializer(),
trainable=False,
collections=collections)
weight_var = variable_scope.get_variable(
"weight",
shape=weight.get_shape(),
dtype=weight.dtype,
initializer=init_ops.zeros_initializer(),
trainable=False,
collections=collections)
numerator = assign_moving_average(
value_x_weight_var, value * weight, decay, zero_debias=False)
denominator = assign_moving_average(
weight_var, weight, decay, zero_debias=False)
if truediv:
return math_ops.truediv(numerator, denominator, name=scope.name)
else:
return math_ops.div(numerator, denominator, name=scope.name)
def _zero_debias(unbiased_var, value, decay):
"""Compute the delta required for a debiased Variable.
All exponential moving averages initialized with Tensors are initialized to 0,
and therefore are biased to 0. Variables initialized to 0 and used as EMAs are
similarly biased. This function creates the debias updated amount according to
a scale factor, as in https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980.
To demonstrate the bias the results from 0-initialization, take an EMA that
was initialized to `0` with decay `b`. After `t` timesteps of seeing the
constant `c`, the variable have the following value:
```
EMA = 0*b^(t) + c*(1 - b)*b^(t-1) + c*(1 - b)*b^(t-2) + ...
= c*(1 - b^t)
```
To have the true value `c`, we would divide by the scale factor `1 - b^t`.
In order to perform debiasing, we use two shadow variables. One keeps track of
the biased estimate, and the other keeps track of the number of updates that
have occurred.
Args:
unbiased_var: A Variable representing the current value of the unbiased EMA.
value: A Tensor representing the most recent value.
decay: A Tensor representing `1-decay` for the EMA.
Returns:
The amount that the unbiased variable should be updated. Computing this
tensor will also update the shadow variables appropriately.
"""
with variable_scope.variable_scope(
unbiased_var.op.name, values=[unbiased_var, value, decay]) as scope:
with ops.colocate_with(unbiased_var):
with ops.init_scope():
biased_initializer = init_ops.zeros_initializer(
dtype=unbiased_var.dtype)(unbiased_var.get_shape())
local_step_initializer = init_ops.zeros_initializer()
def _maybe_get_unique(name):
"""Get name for a unique variable, if not `reuse=True`."""
if variable_scope.get_variable_scope().reuse:
return name
vs_vars = [x.op.name for x in
variable_scope.get_variable_scope().global_variables()]
full_name = variable_scope.get_variable_scope().name + "/" + name
if full_name not in vs_vars: return name
idx = 1
while full_name + ("_%d" % idx) in vs_vars:
idx += 1
return name + ("_%d" % idx)
biased_var = variable_scope.get_variable(
_maybe_get_unique("biased"), initializer=biased_initializer,
trainable=False)
local_step = variable_scope.get_variable(
_maybe_get_unique("local_step"),
shape=[],
dtype=unbiased_var.dtype,
initializer=local_step_initializer,
trainable=False)
# Get an update ops for both shadow variables.
update_biased = state_ops.assign_sub(biased_var,
(biased_var - value) * decay,
name=scope.name)
update_local_step = local_step.assign_add(1)
# Compute the value of the delta to update the unbiased EMA. Make sure to
# use the new values of the biased variable and the local step.
with ops.control_dependencies([update_biased, update_local_step]):
# This function gets `1 - decay`, so use `1.0 - decay` in the exponent.
unbiased_ema_delta = (unbiased_var - biased_var.read_value() /
(1 - math_ops.pow(
1.0 - decay, local_step.read_value())))
return unbiased_ema_delta
@tf_export("train.ExponentialMovingAverage")
class ExponentialMovingAverage(object):
"""Maintains moving averages of variables by employing an exponential decay.
When training a model, it is often beneficial to maintain moving averages of
the trained parameters. Evaluations that use averaged parameters sometimes
produce significantly better results than the final trained values.
The `apply()` method adds shadow copies of trained variables and add ops that
maintain a moving average of the trained variables in their shadow copies.
It is used when building the training model. The ops that maintain moving
averages are typically run after each training step.
The `average()` and `average_name()` methods give access to the shadow
variables and their names. They are useful when building an evaluation
model, or when restoring a model from a checkpoint file. They help use the
moving averages in place of the last trained values for evaluations.
The moving averages are computed using exponential decay. You specify the
decay value when creating the `ExponentialMovingAverage` object. The shadow
variables are initialized with the same initial values as the trained
variables. When you run the ops to maintain the moving averages, each
shadow variable is updated with the formula:
`shadow_variable -= (1 - decay) * (shadow_variable - variable)`
This is mathematically equivalent to the classic formula below, but the use
of an `assign_sub` op (the `"-="` in the formula) allows concurrent lockless
updates to the variables:
`shadow_variable = decay * shadow_variable + (1 - decay) * variable`
Reasonable values for `decay` are close to 1.0, typically in the
multiple-nines range: 0.999, 0.9999, etc.
Example usage when creating a training model:
```python
# Create variables.
var0 = tf.Variable(...)
var1 = tf.Variable(...)
# ... use the variables to build a training model...
...
# Create an op that applies the optimizer. This is what we usually
# would use as a training op.
opt_op = opt.minimize(my_loss, [var0, var1])
# Create an ExponentialMovingAverage object
ema = tf.train.ExponentialMovingAverage(decay=0.9999)
with tf.control_dependencies([opt_op]):
# Create the shadow variables, and add ops to maintain moving averages
# of var0 and var1. This also creates an op that will update the moving
# averages after each training step. This is what we will use in place
# of the usual training op.
training_op = ema.apply([var0, var1])
...train the model by running training_op...
```
There are two ways to use the moving averages for evaluations:
* Build a model that uses the shadow variables instead of the variables.
For this, use the `average()` method which returns the shadow variable
for a given variable.
* Build a model normally but load the checkpoint files to evaluate by using
the shadow variable names. For this use the `average_name()` method. See
the @{tf.train.Saver} for more
information on restoring saved variables.
Example of restoring the shadow variable values:
```python
# Create a Saver that loads variables from their saved shadow values.
shadow_var0_name = ema.average_name(var0)
shadow_var1_name = ema.average_name(var1)
saver = tf.train.Saver({shadow_var0_name: var0, shadow_var1_name: var1})
saver.restore(...checkpoint filename...)
# var0 and var1 now hold the moving average values
```
"""
def __init__(self, decay, num_updates=None, zero_debias=False,
name="ExponentialMovingAverage"):
"""Creates a new ExponentialMovingAverage object.
The `apply()` method has to be called to create shadow variables and add
ops to maintain moving averages.
The optional `num_updates` parameter allows one to tweak the decay rate
dynamically. It is typical to pass the count of training steps, usually
kept in a variable that is incremented at each step, in which case the
decay rate is lower at the start of training. This makes moving averages
move faster. If passed, the actual decay rate used is:
`min(decay, (1 + num_updates) / (10 + num_updates))`
Args:
decay: Float. The decay to use.
num_updates: Optional count of number of updates applied to variables.
zero_debias: If `True`, zero debias moving-averages that are initialized
with tensors.
name: String. Optional prefix name to use for the name of ops added in
`apply()`.
"""
self._decay = decay
self._num_updates = num_updates
self._zero_debias = zero_debias
self._name = name
self._averages = {}
def apply(self, var_list=None):
"""Maintains moving averages of variables.
`var_list` must be a list of `Variable` or `Tensor` objects. This method
creates shadow variables for all elements of `var_list`. Shadow variables
for `Variable` objects are initialized to the variable's initial value.
They will be added to the `GraphKeys.MOVING_AVERAGE_VARIABLES` collection.
For `Tensor` objects, the shadow variables are initialized to 0 and zero
debiased (see docstring in `assign_moving_average` for more details).
shadow variables are created with `trainable=False` and added to the
`GraphKeys.ALL_VARIABLES` collection. They will be returned by calls to
`tf.global_variables()`.
Returns an op that updates all shadow variables as described above.
Note that `apply()` can be called multiple times with different lists of
variables.
Args:
var_list: A list of Variable or Tensor objects. The variables
and Tensors must be of types float16, float32, or float64.
Returns:
An Operation that updates the moving averages.
Raises:
TypeError: If the arguments are not all float16, float32, or float64.
ValueError: If the moving average of one of the variables is already
being computed.
"""
# TODO(touts): op_scope
if var_list is None:
var_list = variables.trainable_variables()
zero_debias_true = set() # set of vars to set `zero_debias=True`
for var in var_list:
if var.dtype.base_dtype not in [dtypes.float16, dtypes.float32,
dtypes.float64]:
raise TypeError("The variables must be half, float, or double: %s" %
var.name)
if var in self._averages:
raise ValueError("Moving average already computed for: %s" % var.name)
# For variables: to lower communication bandwidth across devices we keep
# the moving averages on the same device as the variables. For other
# tensors, we rely on the existing device allocation mechanism.
with ops.init_scope():
if isinstance(var, variables.Variable):
avg = slot_creator.create_slot(var,
var.initialized_value(),
self._name,
colocate_with_primary=True)
# NOTE(mrry): We only add `tf.Variable` objects to the
# `MOVING_AVERAGE_VARIABLES` collection.
ops.add_to_collection(ops.GraphKeys.MOVING_AVERAGE_VARIABLES, var)
else:
avg = slot_creator.create_zeros_slot(
var,
self._name,
colocate_with_primary=(var.op.type in ["Variable",
"VariableV2",
"VarHandleOp"]))
if self._zero_debias:
zero_debias_true.add(avg)
self._averages[var] = avg
with ops.name_scope(self._name) as scope:
decay = ops.convert_to_tensor(self._decay, name="decay")
if self._num_updates is not None:
num_updates = math_ops.cast(self._num_updates,
dtypes.float32,
name="num_updates")
decay = math_ops.minimum(decay,
(1.0 + num_updates) / (10.0 + num_updates))
updates = []
for var in var_list:
zero_debias = self._averages[var] in zero_debias_true
updates.append(assign_moving_average(
self._averages[var], var, decay, zero_debias=zero_debias))
return control_flow_ops.group(*updates, name=scope)
def average(self, var):
"""Returns the `Variable` holding the average of `var`.
Args:
var: A `Variable` object.
Returns:
A `Variable` object or `None` if the moving average of `var`
is not maintained.
"""
return self._averages.get(var, None)
def average_name(self, var):
"""Returns the name of the `Variable` holding the average for `var`.
The typical scenario for `ExponentialMovingAverage` is to compute moving
averages of variables during training, and restore the variables from the
computed moving averages during evaluations.
To restore variables, you have to know the name of the shadow variables.
That name and the original variable can then be passed to a `Saver()` object
to restore the variable from the moving average value with:
`saver = tf.train.Saver({ema.average_name(var): var})`
`average_name()` can be called whether or not `apply()` has been called.
Args:
var: A `Variable` object.
Returns:
A string: The name of the variable that will be used or was used
by the `ExponentialMovingAverage class` to hold the moving average of
`var`.
"""
if var in self._averages:
return self._averages[var].op.name
return ops.get_default_graph().unique_name(
var.op.name + "/" + self._name, mark_as_used=False)
def variables_to_restore(self, moving_avg_variables=None):
"""Returns a map of names to `Variables` to restore.
If a variable has a moving average, use the moving average variable name as
the restore name; otherwise, use the variable name.
For example,
```python
variables_to_restore = ema.variables_to_restore()
saver = tf.train.Saver(variables_to_restore)
```
Below is an example of such mapping:
```
conv/batchnorm/gamma/ExponentialMovingAverage: conv/batchnorm/gamma,
conv_4/conv2d_params/ExponentialMovingAverage: conv_4/conv2d_params,
global_step: global_step
```
Args:
moving_avg_variables: a list of variables that require to use of the
moving variable name to be restored. If None, it will default to
variables.moving_average_variables() + variables.trainable_variables()
Returns:
A map from restore_names to variables. The restore_name can be the
moving_average version of the variable name if it exist, or the original
variable name.
"""
name_map = {}
if moving_avg_variables is None:
# Include trainable variables and variables which have been explicitly
# added to the moving_average_variables collection.
moving_avg_variables = variables.trainable_variables()
moving_avg_variables += variables.moving_average_variables()
# Remove duplicates
moving_avg_variables = set(moving_avg_variables)
# Collect all the variables with moving average,
for v in moving_avg_variables:
name_map[self.average_name(v)] = v
# Make sure we restore variables without moving averages as well.
moving_avg_variable_names = set([v.name for v in moving_avg_variables])
for v in list(set(variables.global_variables())):
if v.name not in moving_avg_variable_names and v.op.name not in name_map:
name_map[v.op.name] = v
return name_map注释：
源代码读起来还是有一点吃力，可能我基础太差了，下面大概解读一下源代码。
1.class ExponentialMovingAverage(object)整个核心是寄托整个类进行的，下面的函数都是基于此
2.初始化函数
def __init__(self, decay, num_updates=None, zero_debias=False,
name="ExponentialMovingAverage")
decay: Float. The decay to use.初始化的权重
num_updates: Optional count of number of updates applied to variables.用来计算decay的一个迭代次数
zero_debias: If `True`, zero debias moving-averages that are initialized
with tensors.
name: String. Optional prefix name to use for the name of ops added in
`apply()`.3.def apply(self, var_list=None)
var_list：当前已知的序列（用已知去预测未知）
最关键的一点是average函数的求解释在此函数之内进行的。
此函数释整个类的核心，滑动平均算法也是写在里面的。
4.def average_name(self, var)
读取平均值，也就是预测的值，上面讲解过了，此函数的代码实现是在apply中进行的。
5.def variables_to_restore(self, moving_avg_variables=None)
保存滑动平均数据
注释：让我最不能理解的是明明是min函数，最后得到的却是max~~~
decay = math_ops.minimum(decay,(1.0 + num_updates) / (10.0 + num_updates))
可能源代码有问题，反正实现很简单了。。