基本介绍
pip 是 Python 的包安装程序。
其实，pip 就是 Python 标准库（The Python Standard Library）中的一个包，只是这个包比较特殊，用它可以来管理 Python 标准库（The Python Standard Library）中其他的包。
pip 支持从 PyPI，版本控制，本地项目以及直接从分发文件进行安装。pip 是一个命令行程序。
安装 pip 后，会向系统添加一个 pip 命令，该命令可以从命令提示符运行。
目前，pip 是 The Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) 推荐的 Python 包管理工具！
pip官方参考
注：
PyPI（The Python Package Index，Python包索引）是 Python 编程语言的软件存储库。通常，我们就是从这上面安装各种 Python 的包，也可以在上面发布自己的包。pypi官网
The Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) is a working group that maintains many of the relevant projects in Python packaging.
常用命令
安装、升级pip
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
安装后，在命令行中键入：pip + 回车，就会出现如下使用说明：
Usage:
pip <command> [options]
Commands:
install Install packages.
download Download packages.
uninstall Uninstall packages.
freeze Output installed packages in requirements format.
list List installed packages.
show Show information about installed packages.
check Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
config Manage local and global configuration.
search Search PyPI for packages.
wheel Build wheels from your requirements.
hash Compute hashes of package archives.
completion A helper command used for command completion.
help Show help for commands.
General Options:
-h, --help Show help.
--isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.
-v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.
-V, --version Show version and exit.
-q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to
WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
--log <path> Path to a verbose appending log.
--proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
--retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).
--timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
--exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup,
(a)bort).
--trusted-host <hostname> Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS.
--cert <path> Path to alternate CA bundle.
--client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the
certificate in PEM format.
--cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>.
--no-cache-dir Disable the cache.
--disable-pip-version-check
Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for
download. Implied with --no-index.
--no-color Suppress colored output
install
pip install SomePackage # 最新版本
pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 # 指定版本
pip install 'SomePackage>=1.0.4' # 最小版本
官方help文档：pip help install
Usage:
pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...
Description:
Install packages from:
- PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
- VCS project urls.
- Local project directories.
- Local or remote source archives.
pip also supports installing from "requirements files", which provide
an easy way to specify a whole environment to be installed.
Install Options:
-r, --requirement <file> Install from the given requirements file. This option can be used multiple times.
-c, --constraint <file> Constrain versions using the given constraints file. This option can be used multiple times.
--no-deps Don't install package dependencies.
--pre Include pre-release and development versions. By default, pip only finds stable versions.
-e, --editable <path/url> Install a project in editable mode (i.e. setuptools "develop mode") from a local project path or a
VCS url.
-t, --target <dir> Install packages into <dir>. By default this will not replace existing files/folders in <dir>. Use
--upgrade to replace existing packages in <dir> with new versions.
--platform <platform> Only use wheels compatible with <platform>. Defaults to the platform of the running system.
--python-version <python_version>
Only use wheels compatible with Python interpreter version <version>. If not specified, then the
current system interpreter minor version is used. A major version (e.g. '2') can be specified to
match all minor revs of that major version. A minor version (e.g. '34') can also be specified.
--implementation <implementation>
Only use wheels compatible with Python implementation <implementation>, e.g. 'pp', 'jy', 'cp', or
'ip'. If not specified, then the current interpreter implementation is used. Use 'py' to force
implementation-agnostic wheels.
--abi <abi> Only use wheels compatible with Python abi <abi>, e.g. 'pypy_41'. If not specified, then the
current interpreter abi tag is used. Generally you will need to specify --implementation,
--platform, and --python-version when using this option.
--user Install to the Python user install directory for your platform. Typically ~/.local/, or
%APPDATA%\Python on Windows. (See the Python documentation for site.USER_BASE for full details.)
--root <dir> Install everything relative to this alternate root directory.
--prefix <dir> Installation prefix where lib, bin and other top-level folders are placed
-b, --build <dir> Directory to unpack packages into and build in. Note that an initial build still takes place in a
temporary directory. The location of temporary directories can be controlled by setting the TMPDIR
environment variable (TEMP on Windows) appropriately. When passed, build directories are not
cleaned in case of failures.
--src <dir> Directory to check out editable projects into. The default in a virtualenv is "<venv path>/src".
The default for global installs is "<current dir>/src".
-U, --upgrade Upgrade all specified packages to the newest available version. The handling of dependencies
depends on the upgrade-strategy used.
--upgrade-strategy <upgrade_strategy>
Determines how dependency upgrading should be handled [default: only-if-needed]. "eager" -
dependencies are upgraded regardless of whether the currently installed version satisfies the
requirements of the upgraded package(s). "only-if-needed" - are upgraded only when they do not
satisfy the requirements of the upgraded package(s).
--force-reinstall Reinstall all packages even if they are already up-to-date.
-I, --ignore-installed Ignore the installed packages (reinstalling instead).
--ignore-requires-python Ignore the Requires-Python information.
--no-build-isolation Disable isolation when building a modern source distribution. Build dependencies specified by PEP
518 must be already installed if this option is used.
--install-option <options> Extra arguments to be supplied to the setup.py install command (use like --install-option="--
install-scripts=/usr/local/bin"). Use multiple --install-option options to pass multiple options
to setup.py install. If you are using an option with a directory path, be sure to use absolute
path.
--global-option <options> Extra global options to be supplied to the setup.py call before the install command.
--compile Compile Python source files to bytecode
--no-compile Do not compile Python source files to bytecode
--no-warn-script-location Do not warn when installing scripts outside PATH
--no-warn-conflicts Do not warn about broken dependencies
--no-binary <format_control>
Do not use binary packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and each time adds to the existing
value. Accepts either :all: to disable all binary packages, :none: to empty the set, or one or
more package names with commas between them. Note that some packages are tricky to compile and may
fail to install when this option is used on them.
--only-binary <format_control>
Do not use source packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and each time adds to the existing
value. Accepts either :all: to disable all source packages, :none: to empty the set, or one or
more package names with commas between them. Packages without binary distributions will fail to
install when this option is used on them.
--prefer-binary Prefer older binary packages over newer source packages.
--no-clean Don't clean up build directories.
--require-hashes Require a hash to check each requirement against, for repeatable installs. This option is implied
when any package in a requirements file has a --hash option.
--progress-bar <progress_bar>
Specify type of progress to be displayed [off|on|ascii|pretty|emoji] (default: on)
Package Index Options:
-i, --index-url <url> Base URL of Python Package Index (default https://pypi.org/simple). This should point to a
repository compliant with PEP 503 (the simple repository API) or a local directory laid out in the
same format.
--extra-index-url <url> Extra URLs of package indexes to use in addition to --index-url. Should follow the same rules as
--index-url.
--no-index Ignore package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).
-f, --find-links <url> If a url or path to an html file, then parse for links to archives. If a local path or file:// url
that's a directory, then look for archives in the directory listing.
--process-dependency-links Enable the processing of dependency links.
General Options:
-h, --help Show help.
--isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.
-v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.
-V, --version Show version and exit.
-q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to WARNING,
ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
--log <path> Path to a verbose appending log.
--proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
--retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).
--timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
--exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort).
--trusted-host <hostname> Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS.
--cert <path> Path to alternate CA bundle.
--client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the certificate in
PEM format.
--cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>.
--no-cache-dir Disable the cache.
--disable-pip-version-check
Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for download.
Implied with --no-index.
--no-color Suppress colored output
uninstall
pip uninstall <包名>
upgrade
pip install -U <包名>
pip install <包名> --upgrade
list
pip list
pip list -o # 列出所有outdate的包
pip镜像
国内镜像与0
阿里云 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中国科技大学 https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
豆瓣(douban) http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
清华大学 https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
中国科学技术大学 http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
临时使用
可以在使用pip的时候加参数-i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
例如：就会从清华的镜像去安装gevent库。
pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple gevent
永久修改
Linux下，修改 ~/.pip/pip.conf (没有就创建一个)， 修改 index-url至tuna，内容如下：
[global]
index-url = https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
windows下，直接在user目录中创建一个pip目录，如：C:\Users\xx\pip，新建文件pip.ini，内容如下
[global]
index-url = https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
pycharm中如下方式修改：