2020年
题目（加粗的为各题答案）：
Fog computing is a mid-layer between cloud, data centers and IoT devices/sensors. It provides services of computation along with storage and networking at the proximity of the IoT devices/sensors. The fog computing concept is derived from Edge computing. Edge computing promises to bring data computation closer to the data-origin. Edge devices, in Edge computing, aren’t able to support multiple applications in IoT because of their limited resources, resulting in resource-contention and increased latency. It assimilates edge devices and cloud resources to overcome limitations associated with Edge computing.
翻译参考：
雾计算是云、数据中心和物联网设备/传感器之间的中间层。它在物联网设备/传感器附近提供计算、存储和联网服务。雾计算概念源自边缘计算。边缘计算有望使数据计算更接近数据源。边缘计算中的边缘设备由于资源有限，无法支持物联网中的多个应用程序，导致资源争用和延迟增加。它吸收了边缘设备和云资源，以克服与边缘计算相关的限制。
2019年
题目（加粗的为各题答案）：
Edge computing is a distributed , open IT architecture that features decentralized processing power, enabling mobile computing and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. In edge computing, data is processed by the device itself or by a local computer or server, rather than being transmitted to a data center. Edge computing enables data-stream acceleration, including real-time data processing without latency. It allows smart applications and devices to respond to data almost instantaneously, as its being created, eliminating lag time. This is critical for technologies such as self-driving cars, and has equally important benefits for business. Edge computing allows for efficient data processing in that large amounts oi’ data can be processed near the source, reducing internet bandwidth usage. This both eliminates costs and ensures that applications can be used effectively in remote locations. In addition, the ability to process data without ever putting it into a public cloud adds a useful layer of security for sensitive data.
翻译参考：
边缘计算是一种分布式、开放式IT架构，具有分散的处理能力，支持移动计算和物联网（IoT）技术。在边缘计算中，数据由设备本身或本地计算机或服务器处理，而不是传输到数据中心。边缘计算支持数据流加速，包括无延迟的实时数据处理。它允许智能应用程序和设备在创建数据时几乎即时响应数据，消除了延迟时间。这对自动驾驶汽车等技术至关重要，对企业也有同样重要的好处。边缘计算允许高效的数据处理，因为大量的oi数据可以在源附近处理，从而减少互联网带宽的使用。这既降低了成本，又确保了应用程序可以在远程位置有效使用。此外，在不将数据放入公共云中的情况下处理数据的能力为敏感数据增加了安全性。
2018年
题目（加粗的为各题答案）：
An embedded device is an object that contains a special-purpose computing system. The system, which is completely enclosed by the object, may or may not be able to connect to the Internet. Embedded systems have extensive applications in consumer, commercial, automotive, industrial and healthcare markets. It’s estimated that over 15 billion embedded devices have been connected to the Internet, a phenomenon commonly referred to as the Internet of Things . Generally, an embedded device’s operating system will only run a single application which helps the device to do its job. Examples of embedded devices include dishwashers, banking ATM machines, routers, point of sale terminals (POS terminals) and cell phones. Devices that can connect to the Internet are called smart or intelligent. If an embedded device can not connect to the Internet, it is called dumb. Embedded devices in complex manufactured products, such as automobiles, are often headless. This simply means that the device’s software does not have a user interface (UI). In such cases, an in-circuit emulator is temporarily installed between the embedded device and an external computer to debug or update the software. Because embedded systems have limited computing resources and strict power requirements, writing software for embedded devices is a very specialized field that requires knowledge of both hardware components and programming.
翻译参考：
嵌入式设备是包含特定计算功能的设备。该系统有对应的设备组成，可以联网也可以不联网。嵌入式系统在消费、商业、汽车、工业和医疗保健市场有着广泛的应用。据估计，已有超过150亿个嵌入式设备连接到互联网，这一现象通常被称为物联网。通常，嵌入式设备的操作系统只会运行一个应用程序来帮助设备完成工作。嵌入式设备的例子包括洗碗机、银行ATM机、路由器、销售点终端（POS终端）和手机。可以连接到互联网的设备被称为智能设备。如果嵌入式设备无法连接到互联网，则称之为哑设备。汽车等复杂制造产品中的嵌入式设备通常是没有界面的。这仅仅意味着设备的软件没有用户界面（UI）。在这种情况下，嵌入式设备和外部计算机之间会临时安装一个电路内仿真器，以调试或更新软件。由于嵌入式系统具有有限的计算资源和严格的电源要求，为嵌入式设备编写软件是一个非常专业的领域，需要硬件组件和编程方面的知识。
2017年
题目（加粗的为各题答案）：
An operating system also has to be able to service peripheral hardware, such as timers,motors, sensors, communication devices, disks, etc. All of those can request the attention of the OS asynchronously , i.e. at the time that they want to use the OS, the OS has to make sure it’s ready to service the requests. Such a request for attention is called an interrupt. There are two kinds of interrupts: Hardware interrupts and Software interrupts. The result of an interrupt is also a triggering of the processor, so that it jumps to a pre-specified address. Examples of cases where software interrupts appear are perhaps a divide by zero, a memory segmentation fault, etc. So this kind of interrupt is not caused by a hardware event but by a specific machine language operation code. Many systems have more than one hardware interrupt line, and the hardware manufacturer typically assembles all these interrupt lines in an interrupt vector . An Interrupt Controller is a piece of hardware that shields the OS from the electronic details of the interrupt lines, so that interrupts can be queued and none of them gets lost.
翻译参考：
操作系统还必须能够为外围硬件提供服务，如计时器、电机、传感器、通信设备、磁盘等。所有这些都可以向操作系统发出异步请求，例如在他们想要使用操作系统时，操作系统必须确保其已准备好为这些请求提供服务。这种请求被称为中断。有两种中断：硬件中断和软件中断。中断的结果是触发处理器，使其跳转到预先指定的地址。出现软件中断的例子可能是除以0、内存分段故障等。因此，这种中断不是由硬件事件引起的，而是由特定的机器语言操作代码引起的。许多系统有不止一条硬件中断线，硬件制造商通常将所有这些中断线组装在一个中断向量中。中断控制器是一种硬件，它将操作系统与中断线的电气细节隔离开来，这样中断就可以被缓存，而不会丢失任何中断。
2016年
题目（加粗的为各题答案）：
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system intended to serve real-time application process data as it comes in, typically without buffering delays. A key characteristic of a RTOS is the level of its consistency concerning the amount of time it takes to accept and complete an application’s task; the variability is jitter. A hard real-time operating system has less jitter than a soft real-time operating system. The chief design goal is not high throughput, but rather a guarantee of a soft or hard performance category. A RTOS has an advanced algorithm for scheduling. Scheduler flexibility enables a wider, computer-system orchestration of process priorities, but a real-time OS is more frequently dedicated to a narrow set of applications. Key factors in a real-time OS are minimal interrupt latency and minimal thread switching latency.
翻译参考：
实时操作系统（RTOS）是一种操作系统，用于在实时应用程序处理数据进入时为其提供服务，通常没有缓冲延迟。RTOS的一个关键特征是其一致性水平，即接受和完成应用程序任务所需的时间；变化就是抖动。硬实时操作系统的抖动比软实时操作系统小。主要的设计目标不是高吞吐量，而是软性能或硬性能类别的保证。RTOS有一种先进的调度算法。调度器的灵活性使计算机系统能够更广泛地协调进程优先级，但实时操作系统更经常地专用于一组狭窄的应用程序。实时操作系统的关键因素是最小的中断延迟和最小的线程切换延迟。
2015年
题目（加粗的为答案）：
An embedded system is an applied computer system, as distinguished from other types of computer systems such as personal computers (PCs) or supercomputers.
翻译参考：
嵌入式系统是一种应用计算机系统，不同于其他类型的计算机系统，如个人计算机（PC）或超级计算机。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
The architecture of an embedded system is an abstraction of the embedded device, meaning that it is a generalization of the system that typically doesn’t show detailed implementation information such as software source code or hardware circuit design.
翻译参考：
嵌入式系统的体系结构是嵌入式设备的抽象，这意味着它是系统的概括，通常不显示详细的实现信息，如软件源代码或硬件电路设计。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Hardware interrupts are triggered by peripheral devices outside the microcontroller.
翻译参考：
硬件中断由微控制器外部的外围设备触发。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Digital Signal Processing (DSP), has emerged as an important technology for modem electronic systems. It is a form of embedded design that is one of the newest and hottest fields, and is considered to be the workhorse of choice for many computational-intensive applications.
翻译参考：
数字信号处理（DSP）是现代电子系统中的一项重要技术。它是一种嵌入式设计形式，是最新和最热门的领域之一，被认为是许多计算密集型应用的首选。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the C Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded systems.
翻译参考：
嵌入式C是C标准委员会为C编程语言提供的一组语言扩展，用于解决不同嵌入式系统的C扩展之间存在的共性问题。
2014年
题目（加粗的为答案）：
In computing, a device driver (commonly referred to as simply a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used.
翻译参考：
在计算技术中，设备驱动程序（通常简称为驱动程序）是一种计算机程序，用于操作或控制连接到计算机上的特定类型的设备。驱动程序为硬件设备提供软件接口，使操作系统和其他计算机程序能够访问硬件功能，而无需知道所用硬件的精确细节。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Deadlock occurs when a series of synchronization objects arc held in a preemptive system in such a way that no process can move forward.
翻译参考：
当一系列同步对象以任何进程都无法前进的方式被抢占式系统持有时，就会发生死锁。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Hardware interrupts are triggered by peripheral devices outside the microcontroller.
翻译参考：
硬件中断由微控制器外部的外围设备触发。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
An embedded device is a computer system that has been devised to perform some certain functions. It is dedicated to execute a particular task that might require processors that are powerful.
翻译参考：
嵌入式设备是为执行某些特定功能而设计的计算机系统。它专门用于执行可能需要强大处理器的特定任务。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
The TCP/IP stack is a complete set of networking protocols. The OSI Model was meant to be a standardized way of connecting devices together, and most protocols have some direct correlation to the OSI Model. The OSI Model has 7 layers, the fourth layer is called transport layer.
翻译参考：
TCP/IP协议栈是一套完整的网络协议。OSI模型是一种将设备连接在一起的标准化方法，大多数协议与OSI模型有一些直接的关联。OSI模型有7层，第四层称为传输层。
2013年
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Any computer, be it a large PC or a small embedded computer, is useless if it has no means to interact with the outside world. I/O communications for an embedded computer frequently happen over a bus called the I/O bus.
翻译参考：
任何计算机，无论是大型PC还是小型嵌入式计算机，如果无法与外部世界进行交互，都是无用的。嵌入式计算机的I/O通信经常通过称为I/O总线的总线进行。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Interrupt Service Routines (ISR) are the portions of the program code that handle the interrupt requests. When an Interrupt is triggered (either a hardware or software interrupt), the processor breaks away from the current task, moves the instruction pointer to the ISR, and then continues operation. When the ISR has completed, the processor returns execution to the previous location.
翻译参考：
中断服务程序（ISR）是程序代码中处理中断请求的部分。当触发中断（硬件或软件中断）时，处理器脱离当前任务，将指令指针移动到ISR，然后继续操作。ISR完成后，处理器将执行返回到上一个位置。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
Conventionally a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a CPU and some form of memory.
翻译参考：
传统上，计算机至少由一个处理元件组成，通常是一个CPU和某种形式的内存。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
The most well-known member of the ethernet protocol family is IEEE 802.11，otherwise known as WLAN.
翻译参考：
以太网协议家族中最著名的成员是IEEE 802.11，也称为WLAN。
题目（加粗的为答案）：
A computer program, or just a program, is a sequence of instructions,written to perform a specified task with a computer.
翻译参考：
一个计算机程序，或仅仅是一个程序，是一系列指令，用来在计算机上执行指定的任务。