Java 中泛型的详解

泛型介绍:

  1. 泛型又称参数化类型,是JDK5.0出现的新特性,解决数据类型的安全性问题。
  2. 在类声明或者实例化时,只需要指定好需要的具体类型即可。
  3. Java泛型可以保证如果程序在编译时没有发出警告,运行时就不会产生ClassCaseException异常,同时代码更加简洁,健壮。
  4. 泛型的作用是:可以在类声明时通过一个标识表示类中某个属性的类型,或者是某个方法的返回值类型,又或者是参数类型。
    这个具体演示代码如下
public class Generic03 {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        Person<String> person = new Person<String>("张三");
        System.out.println(person.getS());
        person.show();
        Person<Integer> integerPerson = new Person<Integer>(20);
        System.out.println(integerPerson.getS());
        integerPerson.show();
    }
}

class Person<E> {
    
    
    E s;

    public Person(E s) {
    
    
        this.s = s;
    }

    public E getS() {
    
    
        return s;
    }

    public void show() {
    
    
        System.out.println(s.getClass());
    }
}

输出结果如下:

张三
class java.lang.String
20
class java.lang.Integer

下面是Java泛型的应用实例:

public class GenericExercise {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        Student student1 = new Student("张三", 18);
        Student student2 = new Student("小明", 18);
        Student student3 = new Student("阿黄", 18);
        //使用泛型方式给HashMap,放入3个学生对象
        /*
        public class HashMap<K,V>
         */
        //k->String
        //V->Student
        HashMap<String, Student> stringStudentHashMap = new HashMap<>();
        stringStudentHashMap.put("1", student1);
        stringStudentHashMap.put("2", student2);
        stringStudentHashMap.put("3", student3);


        Set<String> strings = stringStudentHashMap.keySet();
        //迭代器
        Iterator<String> iterator = strings.iterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
    
    
            Student student = stringStudentHashMap.get(iterator.next());
            System.out.println(student.getAge() + "-" + student.getName());
        }

        HashSet<Student> students = new HashSet<>();
        students.add(new Student("JACK", 18));
        students.add(new Student("Tom", 18));
        students.add(new Student("Maria", 18));

        for (Student student : students) {
    
    
            System.out.println(student.getName() + "-" + student.getAge());
        }

    }
}

class Student {
    
    
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public Student(String name, int age) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
    
    
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
    
    
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
    
    
        this.age = age;
    }
}

运行结果:

18-张三
18-小明
18-阿黄
Maria-18
JACK-18
Tom-18

泛型的使用细节如下:

public class GenericDetail01 {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        //1.给泛型指向数据类型时,要求是引用类型,不能是基本数据类型。
        ArrayList<Integer> list4 = new ArrayList<>(); //ok
//        ArrayList<int> list5 = new ArrayList<>(); //错误

//        ArrayList<A> as = new ArrayList<>();
        //2.因为E(泛型) 指定了A类型,构造器传入了new A()
        //在给泛型指定具体类型后,可以传入该类型或者其子类型。
        Pig<A> aPig = new Pig<A>(new A());
        aPig.f(); //输出: class generic.improve.A
        Pig<A> aPig1 = new Pig<A>(new B());
        aPig1.f(); //输出:class generic.improve.B

        //3.泛型的使用形式
        List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        ArrayList<Integer> list2 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        //在实际开发中,我们往往简写
        //编译器会进行类型推断,推荐的写法
        List<Integer> list3 = new ArrayList<>();
        List<Integer> list10 = new ArrayList<>();

        //4.如果是这样写的话,泛型默认是Object
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList();//等价ArrayList<Object> list = new ArrayList<Object>();

        Tiger tiger = new Tiger(); //相当于如下
        /*
        class Tiger{
    
    //类
            Object e;

            public Tiger() {
    
    
            }

            public Tiger(Object e) {
    
    
                this.e = e;
            }
        }
         */
    }
}

class Tiger<E> {
    
    
    E e;

    public Tiger() {
    
    
    }

    public Tiger(E e) {
    
    
        this.e = e;
    }
}

class A {
    
    

}

class B extends A {
    
    

}

class Pig<E> {
    
    
    E s;

    public Pig(E s) {
    
    
        this.s = s;
    }

    public void f() {
    
    
        System.out.println(s.getClass());
    }
}

泛型的练习要求如下:
在这里插入图片描述
实现步骤如下:

一、首先创建MyDate类

public class MyDate {
    
    
    private int month;
    private int day;
    private int year;

    public MyDate(int year, int month, int day) {
    
    
        this.month = month;
        this.day = day;
        this.year = year;
    }

    public int getMonth() {
    
    
        return month;
    }

    public void setMonth(int month) {
    
    
        this.month = month;
    }

    public int getDay() {
    
    
        return day;
    }

    public void setDay(int day) {
    
    
        this.day = day;
    }

    public int getYear() {
    
    
        return year;
    }

    public void setYear(int year) {
    
    
        this.year = year;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
    
    
        return "MyDate{" +
                "month=" + month +
                ", day=" + day +
                ", year=" + year +
                '}';
    }
}

二、创建Employee类

public class Employee {
    
    
    private String name;
    private double sal;
    private MyDate birthday;

    public Employee(String name, double sal, MyDate birthday) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
        this.sal = sal;
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }

    public String getName() {
    
    
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
    }

    public double getSal() {
    
    
        return sal;
    }

    public void setSal(double sal) {
    
    
        this.sal = sal;
    }

    public MyDate getBirthday() {
    
    
        return birthday;
    }

    public void setBirthday(MyDate birthday) {
    
    
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
    
    
        return "Employee{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", sal=" + sal +
                ", birthday=" + birthday +
                '}';
    }
}

三、实现类GenericExercise02代码如下:

public class GenericExercise02 {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        MyDate myDate1 = new MyDate(1980, 11, 11);
        MyDate myDate2 = new MyDate(2001, 12, 12);
        MyDate myDate3 = new MyDate(1980, 11, 10);
        Employee employee1 = new Employee("tom", 20000, myDate1);
        Employee employee2 = new Employee("aa小明", 12000, myDate2);
        Employee employee3 = new Employee("tom", 50000, myDate3);

        ArrayList<Employee> employees = new ArrayList<>();
        employees.add(employee1);
        employees.add(employee2);
        employees.add(employee3);


        employees.sort(new Comparator<Employee>() {
    
    
            @Override
            public int compare(Employee o1, Employee o2) {
    
    
                //先按照name排序,如果name相同,则按照生日日期的先后顺序,【即:定制排序】
                //先对传入的参数进行验证
                if (!(o1 instanceof Employee && o2 instanceof Employee)) {
    
    
                    System.out.println("类型不正确!");
                    return 0; //表示不比了,返回0就行了
                }
                //比较name
                String name1 = o1.getName();
                String name2 = o2.getName();
                int i = name1.compareTo(name2);
                if (i != 0) {
    
     //说明名字不相同
                    return i; //按名字的升序排列 加-号 则是降序,或者改为int i = name2.compareTo(name1);
                }

                //下面是对birthday的比较,因此我们最好把这个比较,放在MyDate中完成

                //如果姓名相同 按照生日先后顺序排序
                MyDate birthday1 = o1.getBirthday();
                MyDate birthday2 = o2.getBirthday();

                int yearMinus = birthday1.getYear() - birthday2.getYear();
                if (yearMinus != 0) {
    
    
                    return yearMinus;
                }
                //如果year相同,就比较month
                int monthMinus = birthday1.getMonth() - birthday2.getMonth();
                if (monthMinus != 0) {
    
    
                    return monthMinus;
                }
                //如果year和month 都相同 比较日
                return birthday1.getDay() - birthday2.getDay();
            }
        });
        System.out.println("==对雇员进行排序后");
        for (int i = 0; i < employees.size(); i++) {
    
    
            Employee employee = employees.get(i);
            System.out.println(employee);
        }
    }
}

优化:

对birthday生日日期的比较,我们最好把这个比较,放在MyDate中完成。

具体实现如下:

一、修改MyDate类

public class MyDate implements Comparable<MyDate>{
    
    
    private int month;
    private int day;
    private int year;

    public MyDate(int year, int month, int day) {
    
    
        this.month = month;
        this.day = day;
        this.year = year;
    }

    public int getMonth() {
    
    
        return month;
    }

    public void setMonth(int month) {
    
    
        this.month = month;
    }

    public int getDay() {
    
    
        return day;
    }

    public void setDay(int day) {
    
    
        this.day = day;
    }

    public int getYear() {
    
    
        return year;
    }

    public void setYear(int year) {
    
    
        this.year = year;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
    
    
        return "MyDate{" +
                "month=" + month +
                ", day=" + day +
                ", year=" + year +
                '}';
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(MyDate o) {
    
    //把对year-month-day比较放在这里
        int yearMinus = year - o.getYear();
        if (yearMinus != 0) {
    
    
            return yearMinus;
        }
        //如果year相同,就比较month
        int monthMinus = month - o.getMonth();
        if (monthMinus != 0) {
    
    
            return monthMinus;
        }
        //如果year和month 都相同 比较日
        return day - o.getDay();
    }
}

之后再修改GenericExercise02类如下:

public class GenericExercise02 {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        MyDate myDate1 = new MyDate(1980, 11, 11);
        MyDate myDate2 = new MyDate(2001, 12, 12);
        MyDate myDate3 = new MyDate(1980, 11, 10);
        Employee employee1 = new Employee("tom", 20000, myDate1);
        Employee employee2 = new Employee("aa小明", 12000, myDate2);
        Employee employee3 = new Employee("tom", 50000, myDate3);

        ArrayList<Employee> employees = new ArrayList<>();
        employees.add(employee1);
        employees.add(employee2);
        employees.add(employee3);


        employees.sort(new Comparator<Employee>() {
    
    
            @Override
            public int compare(Employee o1, Employee o2) {
    
    
                //先按照name排序,如果name相同,则按照生日日期的先后顺序,【即:定制排序】
                //先对传入的参数进行验证
                if (!(o1 instanceof Employee && o2 instanceof Employee)) {
    
    
                    System.out.println("类型不正确!");
                    return 0; //表示不比了,返回0就行了
                }
                //比较name
                String name1 = o1.getName();
                String name2 = o2.getName();
                int i = name1.compareTo(name2);
                if (i != 0) {
    
     //说明名字不相同
                    return i; //按名字的升序排列 加-号 则是降序,或者改为int i = name2.compareTo(name1);
                }

                //下面是对birthday的比较,因此我们最好把这个比较,放在MyDate中完成
                //封装后,将来的可维护性和复用性,就大大增强。
                return o1.getBirthday().compareTo(o2.getBirthday());
            }
        });
        System.out.println("==对雇员进行排序后");
        for (int i = 0; i < employees.size(); i++) {
    
    
            Employee employee = employees.get(i);
            System.out.println(employee);
        }
    }
}

自定义泛型类:

@SuppressWarnings("all")
public class CustomGeneric_ {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        Tiger<Double, String, Integer> tiger = new Tiger<Double, String, Integer>("TOM");
        tiger.setT(10.9);//OK
//        tiger.setT("sdf");//错误

        Tiger tiger1 = new Tiger("john~");
        tiger1.setT("yy");
    }
}

class Tiger<T, R, M> {
    
    
    String name;
    R r;
    M m;
    T t;
    //因为数组在new的时候,不能确定类型。
    T[] ts;

//    public static void m1(M m){
    
    }


    public Tiger(String name) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Tiger(R r, M m, T t) {
    
    
        this.r = r;
        this.m = m;
        this.t = t;
    }

    public Tiger(String name, R r, M m, T t) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
        this.r = r;
        this.m = m;
        this.t = t;
    }

    public String getName() {
    
    
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
    }

    public R getR() {
    
    
        return r;
    }

    public void setR(R r) {
    
    
        this.r = r;
    }

    public M getM() {
    
    
        return m;
    }

    public void setM(M m) {
    
    
        this.m = m;
    }

    public T getT() {
    
    
        return t;
    }

    public void setT(T t) {
    
    
        this.t = t;
    }
}

自定义泛型接口:

public class CustomGeneric02 {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        Dog dog = new Dog();
        dog.f();
    }
}

/**
 * 泛型接口的使用说明:
 * 1.接口中,静态成员也不能使用泛型
 * 2.泛型接口的类型,在继承接口或者实现接口时确定
 * 3.没有指定类型,默认为Object
 */

class Dog implements testInter {
    
    
    public void f() {
    
    
        System.out.println(n);
    }
}

interface testInter {
    
    
    int n = 100;
}

interface IA extends IUsb<String, Double> {
    
    

}

//当我们去实现IA接口时,因为IA在继承IUsb接口时,指定了U 为String R 为Double
//在实现IUsb接口的方法时,使用String替换U,Double替换R
class AA implements IA {
    
    

    @Override
    public Double get(String s) {
    
    
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void hi(Double aDouble) {
    
    

    }

    @Override
    public void run(Double r1, Double r2, String u1, String u2) {
    
    

    }
}

/**
 * 实现接口时,直接指定泛型接口的类型
 * 给U 指定Integer,给R指定Float
 * 所以,当我们实现IUsb方法时,会使用Integer替换U,使用Float替换R
 */
class BB implements IUsb<Integer, Float> {
    
    

    @Override
    public Float get(Integer integer) {
    
    
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void hi(Float aFloat) {
    
    

    }

    @Override
    public void run(Float r1, Float r2, Integer u1, Integer u2) {
    
    

    }
}

//没有指定类型,默认为Object
//建议直接写成:IUsb<Object,Object>
class CC implements IUsb<Object, Object> {
    
    //等价class CC implements IUsb<Object,Object>

    @Override
    public Object get(Object o) {
    
    
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void hi(Object o) {
    
    

    }

    @Override
    public void run(Object r1, Object r2, Object u1, Object u2) {
    
    

    }
}


interface IUsb<U, R> {
    
    

    //    U name; //不能这样使用

    int n = 10;

    R get(U u);

    void hi(R r);

    void run(R r1, R r2, U u1, U u2);

    default R method(U u) {
    
    
        return null;
    }
}

自定义泛型方法:

public class CustomMethodGeneric {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        Car car = new Car();
        car.fly("宝马", 100);//当调用方法时,传入参数,编译器就会确定类型

        Fish<String, ArrayList> fish = new Fish<>();
        fish.hello(new ArrayList(), 10f);
    }
}

//泛型方法,可以定义在普通类中,也可以定义在泛型类中
class Car {
    
     //普通类
    public void run() {
    
    

    }

    //说明
    //1.<T,R> 就是泛型
    //2.是提供给fly使用的
    public <T, R> void fly(T t, R r) {
    
    //泛型方法
        System.out.println(t.getClass());//class java.lang.String
        System.out.println(r.getClass());//class java.lang.Integer
    }


}

class Fish<T, R> {
    
    //泛型类

    public void run() {
    
    //普通方法

    }

    public <U, M> void eat(U u, M m) {
    
    //泛型方法
    }

    //说明
    //1.下面的hi()方法不是泛型方法
    //2.是hi()方法使用了类声明的泛型
    public void hi(T t) {
    
    

    }

    //泛型方法,可以使用类声明的泛型,也可以使用自己声明的泛型
    public <K> void hello(R r, K k) {
    
    
        System.out.println(r.getClass());//class java.util.ArrayList
        System.out.println(k.getClass());//class java.lang.Float
    }
}

泛型的继承和通配符

/**
 * 泛型的继承和通配符
 */
public class GenericExtends {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    
        Object oo = new String();

        //泛型没有继承性
//        List<Object> list=new ArrayList<String>();//错误

        ArrayList<Object> list1 = new ArrayList<>();
        ArrayList<String> list2 = new ArrayList<>();
        ArrayList<AA> list3 = new ArrayList<>();
        ArrayList<BB> list4 = new ArrayList<>();
        ArrayList<CC> list5 = new ArrayList<>();

        //如果是List<?> c 可以接受任意的泛型类型
        printCollection1(list1);
        printCollection1(list2);
        printCollection1(list3);
        printCollection1(list4);
        printCollection1(list5);

        //List<? extends AA> c ,可以接受AA 或者AA子类
//        printCollection2(list1); //x
//        printCollection2(list2);  //x
        printCollection2(list3);
        printCollection2(list4);
        printCollection2(list5);


        //List<? super AA> c 支持AA类以及AA类的父类,不限于直接父类
        printCollection3(list1); //√
//        printCollection3(list2); //×
        printCollection3(list3);//√
//        printCollection3(list4);//×
//        printCollection3(list5);//×

    }

    //说明:List<?> 表示任意的泛型类型都可以接受
    public static void printCollection1(List<?> c) {
    
    
        for (Object object : c) {
    
    //通配符取出时,就是Object
            System.out.println(object);
        }

    }


    //? extends AA 表示上限,可以接受AA 或者AA子类
    public static void printCollection2(List<? extends AA> c) {
    
    
        for (Object object : c) {
    
    
            System.out.println(object);
        }
    }

    //? super 子类类名AA :支持AA类以及AA类的父类,不限于直接父类
    //规定了泛型的下限
    public static void printCollection3(List<? super AA> c) {
    
    
        for (Object object : c) {
    
    
            System.out.println(object);
        }

    }
}

class AA {
    
    

}

class BB extends AA {
    
    

}

class CC extends BB {
    
    

}

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转载自blog.csdn.net/lu202032/article/details/123794330