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1、配置登录用户可以具有SU的权限，就是可以转到root用户。
直接修改/etc/group文件，把相应的用户加到wheel组就可以
wheel:*:0:root,username
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2、配置网卡
1)查看网卡
ifconfig
rl0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
options=8<VLAN_MTU>
ether 00:0a:eb:69:5d:a1
inet 192.168.1.168 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>)
status: active
rl1: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
options=8<VLAN_MTU>
ether 00:0a:eb:5c:25:87
media: Ethernet autoselect
status: no carrier
plip0: flags=8810<POINTOPOINT,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384
options=3<RXCSUM,TXCSUM>
inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
nd6 options=3<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV>
本机有2块网卡，我只使用其中一块：rl0
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2)
A)配置IP和网关
/etc/rc.conf
ee /etc/rc.conf
# -- sysinstall generated deltas -- # Tue Jan 1 08:21:16 2002
# Created: Tue Jan 1 08:21:16 2002
# Enable network daemons for user convenience.
# Please make all changes to this file, not to /etc/defaults/rc.conf.
# This file now contains just the overrides from /etc/defaults/rc.conf.
inetd_enable="YES"
sshd_enable="YES"
ifconfig_rl0="inet 192.168.1.168 netmask 255.255.255.0"
defaultrouter="192.168.1.1"
其中ifconfig_rl0为配置网卡1，网关为192.168.1.1
B)配置dns
ee /etc/resolv.conf
=====line 2 col 24 lines from top 2 ===========================================
nameserver 58.20.127.170
nameserver 58.20.127.238
C)重新启动，生效：
reboot
D)测试是否成功
# ping www.163.com
PING 163.xdwscache.glb0.lxdns.com (58.248.245.40): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 58.248.245.40: icmp_seq=0 ttl=55 time=38.687 ms
64 bytes from 58.248.245.40: icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=40.063 ms
64 bytes from 58.248.245.40: icmp_seq=2 ttl=55 time=118.553 ms
64 bytes from 58.248.245.40: icmp_seq=3 ttl=55 time=40.267 ms
64 bytes from 58.248.245.40: icmp_seq=5 ttl=55 time=39.294 ms
3、port ，是指从源代码安装，但是这个源代码是经过整理的，在port的管理下，而且可以通过port来自动升级和管理。
1)ports collection
A)如果ports collection没有安装则:
可以通过使用sysinstall命令安装ports collection，在不联网的情况下。
在联网的情况下，可以如下操作
先删除/usr/ports目录下的所有文件
# cd /usr/ports
# ls
.cvsignore README benchmarks dns hungarian multimedia print x11
CHANGES Templates biology editors irc net russian x11-clocks
COPYRIGHT Tools cad emulators japanese net-im science x11-drivers
GIDs UIDs chinese finance java net-mgmt security x11-fm
INDEX-8 UPDATING comms french korean net-p2p shells x11-fonts
KNOBS accessibility converters ftp lang news sysutils x11-servers
LEGAL arabic databases games mail palm textproc x11-themes
MOVED archivers deskutils german math polish ukrainian x11-toolkits
Makefile astro devel graphics mbone ports-mgmt vietnamese x11-wm
Mk audio distfiles hebrew misc portuguese www
# rm -rf /usr/ports/*
#cp /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile /root/ports-supfile
#ee /root/ports-supfile
# prefix=/usr
# This specifies where to place the requested files. A
# setting of "/usr" will place all of the files requested
# in "/usr/ports" (e.g., "/usr/ports/devel", "/usr/ports/lang").
# The prefix directory must exist in order to run CVSup.
# Defaults that apply to all the collections
#
# IMPORTANT: Change the next line to use one of the CVSup mirror sites
# listed at http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/mirrors.html .
*default host=cvsup.FreeBSD.org
*default base=/var/db
*default prefix=/usr
*default release=cvs tag=.
然后开始安装ports collection
# csup -L 2 /root/ports-supfile
Parsing supfile "/root/supfile"
Connecting to cvsup.FreeBSD.org
Connected to 72.233.193.64
Server software version: SNAP_16_1h
Negotiating file attribute support
Exchanging collection information
查看ports collection
# cd /usr/ports
# ls
.cvsignore KNOBS Mk UIDs archivers biology converters
CHANGES LEGAL README UPDATING astro cad databases
COPYRIGHT MOVED Templates accessibility audio chinese deskutils
GIDs Makefile Tools arabic benchmarks comms devel
B)如果ports collection已经安装，则安装portsnap，portsnap可以更快地管理ports
安装protsnap
#pkg_add -r portsnap
获得数据
#portsnap fetch
如果你是第一次使用portsnap，则展开它
#portsnap extract
更新ports
#portsnap update
2)安装 ports
以安装 sqlite为例
# cd databases/sqlite34
# make
===> Vulnerability check disabled, database not found
===> License check disabled, port has not defined LICENSE
===> Found saved configuration for sqlite34-3.4.2
=> sqlite-3.4.2.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
=> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/local-distfiles/mnag/sqlite34/ .
sqlite-3.4.2.tar.gz 100% of 2321 kB 60 kBps 00m00s
===> Extracting for sqlite34-3.4.2
=> SHA256 Checksum OK for sqlite-3.4.2.tar.gz.
===> Patching for sqlite34-3.4.2
===> Converting DOS text file to UNIX text file:
===> Applying FreeBSD patches for sqlite34-3.4.2
===> sqlite34-3.4.2 depends on executable: tclsh8.5 - not found
===> Verifying install for tclsh8.5 in /usr/ports/lang/tcl85
=> No directory for tclsh8.5. Skipping..
===> sqlite34-3.4.2 depends on executable: gmake - not found
===> Verifying install for gmake in /usr/ports/devel/gmake
===> Vulnerability check disabled, database not found
===> License check disabled, port has not defined LICENSE
=> make-3.81.tar.bz2 doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
=> Attempting to fetch from http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/ .
#make install
#make clean
===> Cleaning for tcl-8.5.9
===> Cleaning for gmake-3.81_4
===> Cleaning for libtool-2.2.10
===> Cleaning for pkg-config-0.25_1
===> Cleaning for tcl-modules-8.5.9
===> Cleaning for gettext-0.18.1.1
===> Cleaning for libiconv-1.13.1_1
===> Cleaning for sqlite34-3.4.2
2)查看哪些ports需要升级
# pkg_version -v
en-freebsd-doc-20100625 < needs updating (port has 20110110)
gettext-0.18.1.1 = up-to-date with port
gmake-3.81_4 = up-to-date with port
libiconv-1.13.1_1 = up-to-date with port
libtool-2.2.10 = up-to-date with port
pkg-config-0.25_1 = up-to-date with port
sqlite34-3.4.2 = up-to-date with port
tcl-8.5.9 = up-to-date with port
tcl-modules-8.5.9 = up-to-date with port
zh_cn-freebsd-doc-20100625 < needs updating (port has 20110110)
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4、package
1)列出所有安装的软件包
# pkg_info
en-freebsd-doc-20100625 Documentation from the FreeBSD Documentation Project
gettext-0.18.1.1 GNU gettext package
gmake-3.81_4 GNU version of 'make' utility
libiconv-1.13.1_1 A character set conversion library
libtool-2.2.10 Generic shared library support script
pkg-config-0.25_1 A utility to retrieve information about installed libraries
sqlite34-3.4.2 An SQL database engine in a C library
tcl-8.5.9 Tool Command Language
tcl-modules-8.5.9 Tcl common modules
zh_cn-freebsd-doc-20100625 Simplified Chinese translation of the FreeBSD Documentation
2)下载并安装软件，以portupdate为例
# pkg_add -r portupgrade
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-8.1-release/Latest/portupgrade.tbz ... Done.
Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-8.1-release/All/ruby-1.8.7.248_2,1.tbz ...
3)portupgrade 可用于升级现有软件包
portupgrade -ai 升级所有包
portupgrade 包名
查看某个软件包的信息
# whereis portupgrade
portupgrade: /usr/local/sbin/portupgrade /usr/local/man/man1/portupgrade.1.gz /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portupgrade
修正
#pkgdb -f
升级
# /usr/local/sbin/portupgrade -ai
---> Session started at: Tue, 18 Jan 2011 20:27:55 +0800
/usr/ports/INDEX-8.bz2 100% of 1447 kB 47 kBps 00m00s
5、x11
#cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg
#make install clean
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然后编辑/etc/rc.conf
hald_enable=yes
dbus_enable=yes
重新启动电脑
#reboot
查看startx目录
# whereis startx
startx: /usr/local/bin/startx /usr/local/man/man1/startx.1.gz
首先启动一下能否运行
#/usr/local/bin/startx
然后按alt+shift+Fn，通常是alt+shift+F2，进入虚拟控制台后，重新启动电脑
#reboot
建立配置文件
# Xorg -configure
X.Org X Server 1.7.5
Release Date: 2010-02-16
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
Build Operating System: FreeBSD 8.1-RELEASE i386
Current Operating System: FreeBSD 8.1-RELEASE FreeBSD 8.1-RELEASE #0: Mon Jul 19 02:55:53 UTC 2010 [email protected]:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386
会在/root中生成一个叫做xorg.conf.new的配置文件
测试配置是否成功
#Xorg -config /root/xorg.conf.new -retro
进入虚拟控制台，然后重启电脑
再配置屏幕
#ee /root/xorg.conf.new
刷新率配置
Section "Monitor"
#DisplaySize 300 230 # mm
Identifier "Monitor0"
VendorName "SAM"
ModelName "SyncMaster"
HorizSync 30.0 - 61.0
VertRefresh 56.0 - 75.0
Option "DPMS"
EndSection
分辨率和色深配置screen节,DefaultDepth指定默认色深
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Card0"
Monitor "Monitor0"
DefaultDepth 24
SubSection "Display"
Viewport 0 0
Depth 24
Modes "1024x768"
EndSubSection
特殊显示环境配置
首先需要知道驱动程序对应的ModeLines
ee /var/log/Xorg.0.log 找到足够的信息
ModeLine格式如下：
ModeLine 分辨率 时钟 <4 horiz.timings> <4 vert.timings>
比如：
Modeline "1024x768" 65.00 1024 1048 1184 1344 768 771 777 806
然后设置/root/xorg.conf.new
Modeline "1024x768" 65.00 1024 1048 1184 1344 768 771 777 806
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "Monitor0"
VendorName "SAM"
ModelName "MybestModel"
Modeline "1024x768" 65.00 1024 1048 1184 1344 768 771 777 806
HorizSync 30.0 - 61.0
VertRefresh 56.0 - 75.0
Option "DPMS"
EndSection
然后再测试，
#Xorg -config /root/xorg.conf.new -retro
成功后就可以将配置文件保存了
# cp /root/xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf
启动xorg
#startx
按alt+ctrl+Fn来切换到用于启动X的虚拟控制台
退出x环境
6、gnome
1)安装gnome2
为防止安装过程出错，可以先更新ports
#portupgrade -a
再安装，可以使用2种方法安装
A）ports
#cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome2
#make install clean
B)package
#pkg_add -r gnome2
2)配置
如果事先已经使用了一些旧式的显示管理器，则必须取代这些管理器：
echo "#!/bin/sh" >~/.xinitrc
echo "/usr/local/bin/gnome-session">> ~/.xinitrc
chmod +x ~/.xsession
如果没有，则：
echo "/usr/local/bin/gnome-session"> ~/.xinitrc
然后reboot
最后启动
startx
中文环境配置
#cd ~ \\切换到用户根目录
#ee .cshrc
加入下面的内容：
setenv LANG zh_CN.eucCN （或 export LANG='zh_CN.eucCN' ）
setenv LC_LANG zh_CN.eucCN （或 export LC_LANG='zh_CN.eucCN' ）
保存、退出、重启电脑，登陆后运行startx，进入Gnome，此时界面已经是中文版。
3)如果你想使用gdm，则需要安装
首先保证startx能正常启动GNOME，然后
A)安装
先卸载
#pkg_delete gdm或
#cd /usr/ports/x11/gdm
#make deinstall
然后安装
#cd /usr/ports/x11/gdm
#make install clean
B)激活gdm
#cp /usr/X11R6/etc/rc.d/gdm /usr/local/etc/rc.d/gdm.sh
C)gdm配置为自动启动
# ee /etc/rc.conf
# -- sysinstall generated deltas -- # Fri Jan 14 08:23:27 2005
# Created: Fri Jan 14 08:23:27 2005
# Enable network daemons for user convenience.
# Please make all changes to this file, not to /etc/defaults/rc.conf.
# This file now contains just the overrides from /etc/defaults/rc.conf.
hald_enable=yes
dbus_enable=yes
inetd_enable="YES"
moused_enable="YES"
ntpdate_enable="YES"
gdm_enable="YES"
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如果你想使用gnome的所有服务，可以使用
gnome_enable="YES"