目录
查看内容命令
查看小型文件 cat
查看大型分屏文件 more，(S，F，空格 都是下一屏，回车是下一行，B是上一屏，q 退出）
查看并编辑 gedit
管道
ls /bin | more
链接命令的介绍
In -s 软连接 源路径要使用绝对路径
ln -s info.txt info-s.txt（错误）
ln -s /home/lzc/桌面/123/info.txt info-s.txt（正确）
In 硬链接 源文件的别名，两个名字指向同一个文件数据
相当于备份
源路径不需要使用绝对路径
ln info.txt info-h.txt
可以给目录创建软连接，不能给目录创建硬链接
复制文件并不会增加硬链接数，应为已经是两个不同的文件
文本搜索命令
grep命令的使用
查找制定字符或字符串在文本或者管道的位置
查找文件命令
find命令及使用
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ touch 1.txt 123.txt 2231.txt
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ find . -name 1??.txt
./123.txt
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ find . -name 1*.txt
find: 路径必须在表达式之前: 12.txt
用法: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec|time] [path...] [expression]
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ find . -name "1*.txt"
./123.txt
./12.txt
./1.txt
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$
压缩和解压缩的命令
压缩
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ tar -zcvf txt.tar.gz *.txt
123.txt
12.txt
1.txt
2231.txt
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ ll
总用量 55132
drwxr-xr-x 5 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 10:57 ./
drwxr-xr-x 20 lzc lzc 4096 12月 2 14:26 ../
drwxrwxr-x 2 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 10:14 12/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2583 12月 3 10:55 123.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2441 12月 3 10:56 12.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 1257 12月 3 10:54 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 0 12月 3 10:42 2231.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2174 12月 3 10:57 txt.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12月 2 00:18 vmtools/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 56405224 10月 2 2019 VMwareTools-10.3.21-14772444.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 10月 2 2019 vmware-tools-distrib/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 10240 12月 3 10:57 z
解压缩
tar -zxvf txt.tar.gz
文件权限命令
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ chmod u-r 1.txt
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ ll
总用量 55132
drwxr-xr-x 5 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 10:59 ./
drwxr-xr-x 20 lzc lzc 4096 12月 2 14:26 ../
drwxrwxr-x 2 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 10:14 12/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2583 12月 3 10:55 123.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2441 12月 3 10:56 12.txt
--w-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 1257 12月 3 10:54 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 0 12月 3 10:42 2231.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2174 12月 3 10:57 txt.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12月 2 00:18 vmtools/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 56405224 10月 2 2019 VMwareTools-10.3.21-14772444.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 10月 2 2019 vmware-tools-distrib/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 10240 12月 3 10:57 z
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ cat 1.txt
cat: 1.txt: 权限不够
linux 如何执行一个文件？
./info.py 会报错，因为这是python文件，需要python解释器执行
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ ./info.py
bash: ./info.py: 权限不够
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ chmod u+x info.py
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ ll
总用量 55136
drwxr-xr-x 5 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 11:15 ./
drwxr-xr-x 20 lzc lzc 4096 12月 2 14:26 ../
drwxrwxr-x 2 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 10:14 12/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2583 12月 3 10:55 123.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2441 12月 3 10:56 12.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 1257 12月 3 10:54 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 0 12月 3 10:42 2231.txt
-rwxrw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 21 12月 3 11:15 info.py*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2174 12月 3 10:57 txt.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12月 2 00:18 vmtools/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 56405224 10月 2 2019 VMwareTools-10.3.21-14772444.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 10月 2 2019 vmware-tools-distrib/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 10240 12月 3 10:57 z
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ ./info.py
./info.py: 行 1: 未预期的符号 `'hello world'' 附近有语法错误
./info.py: 行 1: `print('hello world')'
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ python3 info.py
hello world
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ gedit info.py
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ ./info.py
hello world
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$
多命令合并
chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=rw 1.txt
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ ll
总用量 55136
drwxr-xr-x 5 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 11:18 ./
drwxr-xr-x 20 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 11:18 ../
drwxrwxr-x 2 lzc lzc 4096 12月 3 10:14 12/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2583 12月 3 10:55 123.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2441 12月 3 10:56 12.txt
-rwxr-xrw- 1 lzc lzc 1257 12月 3 10:54 1.txt*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 0 12月 3 10:42 2231.txt
-rwxrw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 41 12月 3 11:18 info.py*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 2174 12月 3 10:57 txt.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12月 2 00:18 vmtools/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 56405224 10月 2 2019 VMwareTools-10.3.21-14772444.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 10月 2 2019 vmware-tools-distrib/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lzc lzc 10240 12月 3 10:57 z
获取管理员权限的相关命令
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ whoami
lzc
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ sudo -s
[sudo] lzc 的密码：
root@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面# whoami
root
root@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面# exit
exit
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$ whoami
lzc
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~/桌面$
SSH远程登录，登录之前确保防火墙启用，端口22启用
root@lzc-virtual-machine:~# netstat -ntlp|grep 22
root@lzc-virtual-machine:~# apt-get install openssh-server
E: dpkg 被中断，您必须手工运行 ‘sudo dpkg --configure -a’ 解决此问题。
root@lzc-virtual-machine:~# dpkg --configure -a
apt-get install openssh-server
apt-get install ufw
ufw enableufw allow 22
另一台电脑SSH
C:\Users\rainknight_pox>ssh [email protected]
ssh: connect to host 192.168.98.128 port 22: Connection refused
C:\Users\rainknight_pox>ssh [email protected]
The authenticity of host '192.168.98.128 (192.168.98.128)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:EaB7c24zipliMMzqRrHpcFaKDg9S8kVkaCIr5bB8FII.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.98.128' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
Who命令 都有谁登录这台电脑
which 查找命令绝对路径
Whoami 现在登录的用户是谁
exit 推出root权限
passward 更改密码
reboot 重启
shutdowm -h now 关机
创建用户
- 创建用户 useradd -m 用户名
- 设置密码 paswd 用户名
- 切换用户 su - 用户名
- 修改用户信息 usermod -G设置一个附加组 -g修改用户组
- 删除用户 sudo userdel -r laowang
useradd
-m 自动创建主目录
-g 自定用户所属的用户组，如果默认不指定会自动创建一个同名的用户组
cat /etc/passwd 查看信息
id 命令查看用户名信息
新建的用户 不能使用sudo，因为用户不在sudoers文件中
用户名删除附加组
sudo gpaswd -d laowang sudo
用户组相关操作
创建用户组 sudo groupadd 用户组名字
创建用户并制定用户组 sudo useradd -m -g 用户组名 用户名
修改用户组信息 sudo usermod -g 组名 用户名
删除用户组 groupdel
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo userdel -r laowang
[sudo] lzc 的密码：
userdel: laowang 邮件池 (/var/mail/laowang) 未找到
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo groupadd abc
[sudo] lzc 的密码：
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ ls /etc/group
/etc/group
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ cat /etc/group
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
sys:x:3:
adm:x:4:syslog,lzc
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:
mail:x:8:
news:x:9:
uucp:x:10:
man:x:12:
proxy:x:13:
kmem:x:15:
dialout:x:20:
fax:x:21:
voice:x:22:
cdrom:x:24:lzc
floppy:x:25:
tape:x:26:
sudo:x:27:lzc
audio:x:29:pulse
dip:x:30:lzc
www-data:x:33:
backup:x:34:
operator:x:37:
list:x:38:
irc:x:39:
src:x:40:
gnats:x:41:
shadow:x:42:
utmp:x:43:
video:x:44:
sasl:x:45:
plugdev:x:46:lzc
staff:x:50:
games:x:60:
users:x:100:
nogroup:x:65534:
systemd-journal:x:101:
systemd-timesync:x:102:
systemd-network:x:103:
systemd-resolve:x:104:
systemd-bus-proxy:x:105:
input:x:106:
crontab:x:107:
syslog:x:108:
netdev:x:109:
messagebus:x:110:
uuidd:x:111:
ssl-cert:x:112:
lpadmin:x:113:lzc
lightdm:x:114:
nopasswdlogin:x:115:
whoopsie:x:116:
mlocate:x:117:
ssh:x:118:
avahi-autoipd:x:119:
avahi:x:120:
bluetooth:x:121:
scanner:x:122:saned
colord:x:123:
pulse:x:124:
pulse-access:x:125:
rtkit:x:126:
saned:x:127:
lzc:x:1000:
sambashare:x:128:lzc
abc:x:1001:
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo useradd -m -g laoli
useradd：“laoli”组不存在
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo useradd -m -g abc laoli
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ id laoli
uid=1001(laoli) gid=1001(abc) 组=1001(abc)
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-timesync:x:100:102:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
systemd-network:x:101:103:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/bin/false
systemd-resolve:x:102:104:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/bin/false
systemd-bus-proxy:x:103:105:systemd Bus Proxy,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
syslog:x:104:108::/home/syslog:/bin/false
_apt:x:105:65534::/nonexistent:/bin/false
messagebus:x:106:110::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
uuidd:x:107:111::/run/uuidd:/bin/false
lightdm:x:108:114:Light Display Manager:/var/lib/lightdm:/bin/false
whoopsie:x:109:116::/nonexistent:/bin/false
avahi-autoipd:x:110:119:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/bin/false
avahi:x:111:120:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/bin/false
dnsmasq:x:112:65534:dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/misc:/bin/false
colord:x:113:123:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/bin/false
speech-dispatcher:x:114:29:Speech Dispatcher,,,:/var/run/speech-dispatcher:/bin/false
hplip:x:115:7:HPLIP system user,,,:/var/run/hplip:/bin/false
kernoops:x:116:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking Daemon,,,:/:/bin/false
pulse:x:117:124:PulseAudio daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/bin/false
rtkit:x:118:126:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/bin/false
saned:x:119:127::/var/lib/saned:/bin/false
usbmux:x:120:46:usbmux daemon,,,:/var/lib/usbmux:/bin/false
lzc:x:1000:1000:lzc,,,:/home/lzc:/bin/bash
sshd:x:121:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin
laoli:x:1001:1001::/home/laoli:
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo groupadd 123
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ cat /etc/group
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
sys:x:3:
adm:x:4:syslog,lzc
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:
mail:x:8:
news:x:9:
uucp:x:10:
man:x:12:
proxy:x:13:
kmem:x:15:
dialout:x:20:
fax:x:21:
voice:x:22:
cdrom:x:24:lzc
floppy:x:25:
tape:x:26:
sudo:x:27:lzc
audio:x:29:pulse
dip:x:30:lzc
www-data:x:33:
backup:x:34:
operator:x:37:
list:x:38:
irc:x:39:
src:x:40:
gnats:x:41:
shadow:x:42:
utmp:x:43:
video:x:44:
sasl:x:45:
plugdev:x:46:lzc
staff:x:50:
games:x:60:
users:x:100:
nogroup:x:65534:
systemd-journal:x:101:
systemd-timesync:x:102:
systemd-network:x:103:
systemd-resolve:x:104:
systemd-bus-proxy:x:105:
input:x:106:
crontab:x:107:
syslog:x:108:
netdev:x:109:
messagebus:x:110:
uuidd:x:111:
ssl-cert:x:112:
lpadmin:x:113:lzc
lightdm:x:114:
nopasswdlogin:x:115:
whoopsie:x:116:
mlocate:x:117:
ssh:x:118:
avahi-autoipd:x:119:
avahi:x:120:
bluetooth:x:121:
scanner:x:122:saned
colord:x:123:
pulse:x:124:
pulse-access:x:125:
rtkit:x:126:
saned:x:127:
lzc:x:1000:
sambashare:x:128:lzc
abc:x:1001:
123:x:1002:
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ id laoli
uid=1001(laoli) gid=1001(abc) 组=1001(abc)
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo usermod -g 123 laoli
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ id laoli
uid=1001(laoli) gid=123(colord) 组=123(colord)
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo groupdel 123
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ cat /etc/group
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
sys:x:3:
adm:x:4:syslog,lzc
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:
mail:x:8:
news:x:9:
uucp:x:10:
man:x:12:
proxy:x:13:
kmem:x:15:
dialout:x:20:
fax:x:21:
voice:x:22:
cdrom:x:24:lzc
floppy:x:25:
tape:x:26:
sudo:x:27:lzc
audio:x:29:pulse
dip:x:30:lzc
www-data:x:33:
backup:x:34:
operator:x:37:
list:x:38:
irc:x:39:
src:x:40:
gnats:x:41:
shadow:x:42:
utmp:x:43:
video:x:44:
sasl:x:45:
plugdev:x:46:lzc
staff:x:50:
games:x:60:
users:x:100:
nogroup:x:65534:
systemd-journal:x:101:
systemd-timesync:x:102:
systemd-network:x:103:
systemd-resolve:x:104:
systemd-bus-proxy:x:105:
input:x:106:
crontab:x:107:
syslog:x:108:
netdev:x:109:
messagebus:x:110:
uuidd:x:111:
ssl-cert:x:112:
lpadmin:x:113:lzc
lightdm:x:114:
nopasswdlogin:x:115:
whoopsie:x:116:
mlocate:x:117:
ssh:x:118:
avahi-autoipd:x:119:
avahi:x:120:
bluetooth:x:121:
scanner:x:122:saned
colord:x:123:
pulse:x:124:
pulse-access:x:125:
rtkit:x:126:
saned:x:127:
lzc:x:1000:
sambashare:x:128:lzc
abc:x:1001:
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ id laoli
uid=1001(laoli) gid=123(colord) 组=123(colord)
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo groupadd test
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ usermod -g test laoli
usermod: Permission denied.
usermod：无法锁定 /etc/passwd，请稍后再试。
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo usermod -g test laoli
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ id laoli
uid=1001(laoli) gid=1002(test) 组=1002(test)
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo groupdel test
groupdel：不能移除用户“laoli”的主组
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo userdel -r laoli
userdel: laoli 邮件池 (/var/mail/laoli) 未找到
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$ sudo groupdel test
lzc@lzc-virtual-machine:~$