十四 ⾯向对象-继承

⼀. 继承的概念

⽣活中的继承,⼀般指的是⼦⼥继承⽗辈的财产。

  • 拓展1:经典类或旧式类

不由任意内置类型派⽣出的类,称之为经典类。

class 类名:
	代码
	......
  • 拓展2:新式类
class 类名(object):
	代码

Python⾯向对象的继承指的是多个类之间的所属关系,即⼦类默认继承⽗类的所有属性和⽅法,具体如下:

# ⽗类A
class A(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.num = 1
	def info_print(self):
		print(self.num)
	
# ⼦类B
class B(A):
	pass
	
result = B()
result.info_print() # 1

在Python中,所有类默认继承object类,object类是顶级类或基类;其他⼦类叫做派⽣类。

⼆. 单继承

故事主线:⼀个煎饼果⼦⽼师傅,在煎饼果⼦界摸爬滚打多年,研发了⼀套精湛的摊煎饼果⼦的技术。师⽗要把这套技术传授给他的唯⼀的最得意的徒弟。

分析:徒弟是不是要继承师⽗的所有技术?

# 1. 师⽗类
class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

# 2. 徒弟类
class Prentice(Master):
	pass
	
# 3. 创建对象daqiu
daqiu = Prentice()
# 4. 对象访问实例属性
print(daqiu.kongfu)
# 5. 对象调⽤实例⽅法
daqiu.make_cake()

三. 多继承

故事推进:daqiu是个爱学习的好孩⼦,想学习更多的煎饼果⼦技术,于是,在百度搜索到⿊⻢程序员,报班学习煎饼果⼦技术。

class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

# 创建学校类
class School(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[⿊⻢煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
	pass

daqiu = Prentice()
print(daqiu.kongfu)
daqiu.make_cake()

结果
在这里插入图片描述

注意
当⼀个类有多个⽗类的时候,默认使⽤第⼀个⽗类的同名属性和⽅法。

四. ⼦类重写⽗类同名⽅法和属性

故事:daqiu掌握了师⽗和培训的技术后,⾃⼰潜⼼钻研出⾃⼰的独⻔配⽅的⼀套全新的煎饼果⼦技术。

class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class School(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[⿊⻢煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

# 独创配⽅
class Prentice(School, Master):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')


daqiu = Prentice()
print(daqiu.kongfu)
daqiu.make_cake()
print(Prentice.__mro__)

⼦类和⽗类具有同名属性和⽅法,默认使⽤⼦类的同名属性和⽅法。

五. ⼦类调⽤⽗类的同名⽅法和属性

故事:很多顾客都希望也能吃到古法和⿊⻢的技术的煎饼果⼦。

class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class School(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[⿊⻢煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		# 如果是先调⽤了⽗类的属性和⽅法,⽗类属性会覆盖⼦类属性,故在调⽤属性前,先调⽤⾃⼰⼦类的初始化
		self.__init__()
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
	# 调⽤⽗类⽅法,但是为保证调⽤到的也是⽗类的属性,必须在调⽤⽅法前调⽤⽗类的初始化
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master.__init__(self)
		Master.make_cake(self)
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School.__init__(self)
		School.make_cake(self)

daqiu = Prentice()
daqiu.make_cake()
daqiu.make_master_cake()
daqiu.make_school_cake()
daqiu.make_cake()

六. 多层继承

故事:N年后,daqiu⽼了,想要把所有技术传承给⾃⼰的徒弟。

class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class School(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[⿊⻢煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		self.__init__()
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master.__init__(self)
		Master.make_cake(self)
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School.__init__(self)
		School.make_cake(self)

# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
	pass

xiaoqiu = Tusun()
xiaoqiu.make_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_school_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_master_cake()

七. super()调⽤⽗类⽅法

class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class School(Master):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[⿊⻢煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
		# ⽅法2.1
		# super(School, self).__init__()
		# super(School, self).make_cake()
		# ⽅法2.2
		super().__init__()
		super().make_cake()

class Prentice(School):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦技术]'
	def make_cake(self):
		self.__init__()
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
	# ⼦类调⽤⽗类的同名⽅法和属性:把⽗类的同名属性和⽅法再次封装
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master.__init__(self)
		Master.make_cake(self)
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School.__init__(self)
		School.make_cake(self)
	# ⼀次性调⽤⽗类的同名属性和⽅法
	def make_old_cake(self):
		# ⽅法⼀:代码冗余;⽗类类名如果变化,这⾥代码需要频繁修改
		# Master.__init__(self)
		# Master.make_cake(self)
		# School.__init__(self)
		# School.make_cake(self)
		# ⽅法⼆: super()
		# ⽅法2.1 super(当前类名, self).函数()
		# super(Prentice, self).__init__()
		# super(Prentice, self).make_cake()
		# ⽅法2.2 super().函数()
		super().__init__()
		super().make_cake()

daqiu = Prentice()
daqiu.make_old_cake()

注意:使⽤super() 可以⾃动查找⽗类。调⽤顺序遵循 mro 类属性的顺序。⽐较适合单继承使⽤。

⼋. 私有权限

8.1 定义私有属性和⽅法

在Python中,可以为实例属性和⽅法设置私有权限,即设置某个实例属性或实例⽅法不继承给⼦类。

故事:daqiu把技术传承给徒弟的同时,不想把⾃⼰的钱(2000000个亿)继承给徒弟,这个时候就要为钱这个实例属性设置私有权限。

设置私有权限的⽅法:在属性名和⽅法名 前⾯ 加上两个下划线 __。

class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class School(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[⿊⻢煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
		# 定义私有属性
		self.__money = 2000000
	# 定义私有⽅法
	def __info_print(self):
		print(self.kongfu)
		print(self.__money)
	def make_cake(self):
		self.__init__()
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master.__init__(self)
		Master.make_cake(self)
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School.__init__(self)
		School.make_cake(self)

# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
	pass


daqiu = Prentice()
# 对象不能访问私有属性和私有⽅法
# print(daqiu.__money)
# daqiu.__info_print()

xiaoqiu = Tusun()
# ⼦类⽆法继承⽗类的私有属性和私有⽅法
# print(xiaoqiu.__money) # ⽆法访问实例属性__money
# xiaoqiu.__info_print()

注意:私有属性和私有⽅法只能在类⾥⾯访问和修改。

8.2 获取和修改私有属性值

在Python中,⼀般定义函数名 get_xx ⽤来获取私有属性,定义 set_xx ⽤来修改私有属性值。

class Master(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
 
class School(object):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[⿊⻢煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
	def make_cake(self):
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')

class Prentice(School, Master):
	def __init__(self):
		self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果⼦配⽅]'
		self.__money = 2000000
	# 获取私有属性
	def get_money(self):
		return self.__money
	# 修改私有属性
	def set_money(self):
		self.__money = 500
	def __info_print(self):
		print(self.kongfu)
		print(self.__money)
	def make_cake(self):
		self.__init__()
		print(f'运⽤{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果⼦')
	def make_master_cake(self):
		Master.__init__(self)
		Master.make_cake(self)
	def make_school_cake(self):
		School.__init__(self)
		School.make_cake(self)

# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
	pass
	
daqiu = Prentice()
xiaoqiu = Tusun()
# 调⽤get_money函数获取私有属性money的值
print(xiaoqiu.get_money())
# 调⽤set_money函数修改私有属性money的值
xiaoqiu.set_money()
print(xiaoqiu.get_money())

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_33417321/article/details/109707811