SpringBoot实现RESTful API返回统一数据格式

关于 Spring 的全局处理，有两方面要说: 

1. 统一数据返回格式

2. 统一异常处理

 

通用返回值类定义：

public class GlobalResponse<T> implements POJO {

	/**
	 * 
	 */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
	@ApiModelProperty(notes = "数据")
	private T data;
	@ApiModelProperty(notes = "不为空。等于200时表示业务成功，其他表示业务失败")
	private int code = 200;
	@ApiModelProperty(notes = "错误信息，如果不为空，展示给用户")
	private String msg;

	public GlobalResponse() {

	}

}

配置

没错，我们需要借助几个关键注解来完成一下相关配置:

@EnableWebMvc
public class UnifiedResponseHandler {

	@RestControllerAdvice
	static class CommonResultResponseAdvice implements ResponseBodyAdvice<Object> {
		@Override
		public boolean supports(MethodParameter methodParameter, Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> aClass) {
			return true;
		}

		@Override
		public Object beforeBodyWrite(Object body, MethodParameter returnType, MediaType selectedContentType,
				Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> selectedConverterType, ServerHttpRequest request,
				ServerHttpResponse response) {
			if (body instanceof GlobalResponse) {
				// 兼容旧版本的数据，已经用GlobalResponse封装好了的，就不用再进行处理了
				return body;
			} else if (body instanceof POJO) {
				// 目前只针对POJO的返回对象进行封装
				return new GlobalResponse<Object>(body);
			} else {
				return body;
			}
		}
	}
}

到这里就结束了，我们就可以纵情的写任何 RESTful API 了，所有的返回值都会有统一的 JSON 结构

解剖实现过程

从 @EnableWebMvc 这个注解说起，打开该注解看:

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Documented
@Import(DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration.class)
public @interface EnableWebMvc {
}

通过 @Import 注解引入了 DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration.class，那来看这个类吧:

@Configuration
public class DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {

	private final WebMvcConfigurerComposite configurers = new WebMvcConfigurerComposite();


	@Autowired(required = false)
	public void setConfigurers(List<WebMvcConfigurer> configurers) {
		if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(configurers)) {
			this.configurers.addWebMvcConfigurers(configurers);
		}
	}


	@Override
	protected void configurePathMatch(PathMatchConfigurer configurer) {
		this.configurers.configurePathMatch(configurer);
	}

	@Override
	protected void configureContentNegotiation(ContentNegotiationConfigurer configurer) {
		this.configurers.configureContentNegotiation(configurer);
	}

	@Override
	protected void configureAsyncSupport(AsyncSupportConfigurer configurer) {
		this.configurers.configureAsyncSupport(configurer);
	}

	@Override
	protected void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer) {
		this.configurers.configureDefaultServletHandling(configurer);
	}

	@Override
	protected void addFormatters(FormatterRegistry registry) {
		this.configurers.addFormatters(registry);
	}

	@Override
	protected void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
		this.configurers.addInterceptors(registry);
	}

	@Override
	protected void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
		this.configurers.addResourceHandlers(registry);
	}

	@Override
	protected void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) {
		this.configurers.addCorsMappings(registry);
	}

	@Override
	protected void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
		this.configurers.addViewControllers(registry);
	}

	@Override
	protected void configureViewResolvers(ViewResolverRegistry registry) {
		this.configurers.configureViewResolvers(registry);
	}

	@Override
	protected void addArgumentResolvers(List<HandlerMethodArgumentResolver> argumentResolvers) {
		this.configurers.addArgumentResolvers(argumentResolvers);
	}

	@Override
	protected void addReturnValueHandlers(List<HandlerMethodReturnValueHandler> returnValueHandlers) {
		this.configurers.addReturnValueHandlers(returnValueHandlers);
	}

	@Override
	protected void configureMessageConverters(List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> converters) {
		this.configurers.configureMessageConverters(converters);
	}

	@Override
	protected void extendMessageConverters(List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> converters) {
		this.configurers.extendMessageConverters(converters);
	}

	@Override
	protected void configureHandlerExceptionResolvers(List<HandlerExceptionResolver> exceptionResolvers) {
		this.configurers.configureHandlerExceptionResolvers(exceptionResolvers);
	}

	@Override
	protected void extendHandlerExceptionResolvers(List<HandlerExceptionResolver> exceptionResolvers) {
		this.configurers.extendHandlerExceptionResolvers(exceptionResolvers);
	}

	@Override
	@Nullable
	protected Validator getValidator() {
		return this.configurers.getValidator();
	}

	@Override
	@Nullable
	protected MessageCodesResolver getMessageCodesResolver() {
		return this.configurers.getMessageCodesResolver();
	}

}

有 @Configuration 注解，你应该很熟悉了，该类的父类 WebMvcConfigurationSupport 中却隐藏着一段关键代码:

@Bean
	public RequestMappingHandlerAdapter requestMappingHandlerAdapter() {
		RequestMappingHandlerAdapter adapter = createRequestMappingHandlerAdapter();
		adapter.setContentNegotiationManager(mvcContentNegotiationManager());
		adapter.setMessageConverters(getMessageConverters());
		adapter.setWebBindingInitializer(getConfigurableWebBindingInitializer());
		adapter.setCustomArgumentResolvers(getArgumentResolvers());
		adapter.setCustomReturnValueHandlers(getReturnValueHandlers());

		if (jackson2Present) {
			adapter.setRequestBodyAdvice(Collections.singletonList(new JsonViewRequestBodyAdvice()));
			adapter.setResponseBodyAdvice(Collections.singletonList(new JsonViewResponseBodyAdvice()));
		}

		AsyncSupportConfigurer configurer = new AsyncSupportConfigurer();
		configureAsyncSupport(configurer);
		if (configurer.getTaskExecutor() != null) {
			adapter.setTaskExecutor(configurer.getTaskExecutor());
		}
		if (configurer.getTimeout() != null) {
			adapter.setAsyncRequestTimeout(configurer.getTimeout());
		}
		adapter.setCallableInterceptors(configurer.getCallableInterceptors());
		adapter.setDeferredResultInterceptors(configurer.getDeferredResultInterceptors());

		return adapter;
	}

RequestMappingHandlerAdapter 是每一次请求处理的关键，来看该类的定义:

public class RequestMappingHandlerAdapter extends AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter
        implements BeanFactoryAware, InitializingBean {
    ...
}

该类实现了 InitializingBean 接口，其中 InitializingBean 接口的afterPropertiesSet 方法就是关键之一，在 RequestMappingHandlerAdapter 类中同样重写了该方法:

@Override
	public void afterPropertiesSet() {
		// Do this first, it may add ResponseBody advice beans
		initControllerAdviceCache();

		if (this.argumentResolvers == null) {
			List<HandlerMethodArgumentResolver> resolvers = getDefaultArgumentResolvers();
			this.argumentResolvers = new HandlerMethodArgumentResolverComposite().addResolvers(resolvers);
		}
		if (this.initBinderArgumentResolvers == null) {
			List<HandlerMethodArgumentResolver> resolvers = getDefaultInitBinderArgumentResolvers();
			this.initBinderArgumentResolvers = new HandlerMethodArgumentResolverComposite().addResolvers(resolvers);
		}
		if (this.returnValueHandlers == null) {
			List<HandlerMethodReturnValueHandler> handlers = getDefaultReturnValueHandlers();
			this.returnValueHandlers = new HandlerMethodReturnValueHandlerComposite().addHandlers(handlers);
		}
	}

该方法内容都非常关键，但我们先来看 initControllerAdviceCache 方法，其他内容后续再单独说明:

扫描二维码关注公众号，回复： 13042667 查看本文章

private void initControllerAdviceCache() {
        ...
    if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
        logger.info("Looking for @ControllerAdvice: " + getApplicationContext());
    }

    List<ControllerAdviceBean> beans = ControllerAdviceBean.findAnnotatedBeans(getApplicationContext());
    AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(beans);

    List<Object> requestResponseBodyAdviceBeans = new ArrayList<Object>();

    for (ControllerAdviceBean bean : beans) {
        ...
        if (ResponseBodyAdvice.class.isAssignableFrom(bean.getBeanType())) {
            requestResponseBodyAdviceBeans.add(bean);
        }
    }
}

通过 ControllerAdviceBean 静态方法扫描 ControllerAdvice注解，可是我们在UnifiedResponseHandler中实际实现上使用的是 @RestControllerAdvice注解，打开看该注解:

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@ControllerAdvice
@ResponseBody
public @interface RestControllerAdvice {
   
   

该注解由 @ControllerAdvice 和 @ResponseBody 标记，就好比你熟悉的 @RestController 注解由 @Controller 和 @ResponseBody 标记是一样的

到这里你已经知道我们用 @RestControllerAdvice 标记的 Bean 是如何被加载到 Spring 上下文的，接下来就要知道是 Spring 是如何使用我们的 bean 以及对返回 body 做处理的

其实在 HttpMessageConverter是这样转换数据的这篇文章中已经说明了一部分，希望小伙伴先看这篇文章，下面的部分就会秒懂了，我们在这里做进一步的说明

在 AbstractMessageConverterMethodProcessor 的 writeWithMessageConverters 方法中，有一段核心代码:

if (messageConverter instanceof GenericHttpMessageConverter) {
    if (((GenericHttpMessageConverter) messageConverter).canWrite(
            declaredType, valueType, selectedMediaType)) {
        outputValue = (T) getAdvice().beforeBodyWrite(outputValue, returnType, selectedMediaType,
                (Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>>) messageConverter.getClass(),
                inputMessage, outputMessage);
            ...
        return;
    }
}

可以看到通过 getAdvice() 调用了 beforeBodyWrite 方法，我们已经接近真相了

protected RequestResponseBodyAdviceChain getAdvice() {
    return this.advice;
}

RequestResponseBodyAdviceChain，看名字带有 Chain，很明显用到了「责任链设计模式」，只不过它传递责任链以循环的方式完成:

class RequestResponseBodyAdviceChain implements RequestBodyAdvice, ResponseBodyAdvice<Object> {

    @Override
    public Object beforeBodyWrite(Object body, MethodParameter returnType, MediaType contentType,
            Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> converterType,
            ServerHttpRequest request, ServerHttpResponse response) {

        return processBody(body, returnType, contentType, converterType, request, response);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private <T> Object processBody(Object body, MethodParameter returnType, MediaType contentType,
            Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> converterType,
            ServerHttpRequest request, ServerHttpResponse response) {

        for (ResponseBodyAdvice<?> advice : getMatchingAdvice(returnType, ResponseBodyAdvice.class)) {
            if (advice.supports(returnType, converterType)) {
                body = ((ResponseBodyAdvice<T>) advice).beforeBodyWrite((T) body, returnType,
                        contentType, converterType, request, response);
            }
        }
        return body;
    }
}

我们重写的 beforeBodyWrite 方法终究会被调用到，真相就是这样了!!!

其实还没完，你有没有想过，如果我们的 API 方法返回值是 org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity<T> 类型，我们可以指定 HTTP 返回状态码，但是这个返回值会直接放到我们的 beforeBodyWrite 方法的 body 参数中吗？如果这样做很明显是错误的，因为 ResponseEntity 包含很多我们非业务数据在里面，那 Spring 是怎么帮我们处理的呢？

在我们方法取得返回值并且在调用 beforeBodyWrite 方法之前，还要选择 HandlerMethodReturnValueHandler  来处理不同类型的返回值

在类 HandlerMethodReturnValueHandlerComposite 中的 handleReturnValue 方法中

@Override
public void handleReturnValue(Object returnValue, MethodParameter returnType,
        ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer, NativeWebRequest webRequest) throws Exception {

    HandlerMethodReturnValueHandler handler = selectHandler(returnValue, returnType);
    if (handler == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown return value type: " + returnType.getParameterType().getName());
    }
    handler.handleReturnValue(returnValue, returnType, mavContainer, webRequest);
}

通过调用 selectHandler 方法来选择合适的 handler，Spring 内置了很多个 Handler，我们来看类图:

HttpEntityMethodProcessor 就是其中之一，它重写了 supportsParameter 方法，支持 HttpEntity 类型，即支持 ResponseEntity 类型:

@Override
public boolean supportsParameter(MethodParameter parameter) {
    return (HttpEntity.class == parameter.getParameterType() ||
            RequestEntity.class == parameter.getParameterType());
}

所以当我们返回的类型为 ResponseEntity 时，就要通过 HttpEntityMethodProcessor 的 handleReturnValue 方法来处理我们的结果:

@Override
public void handleReturnValue(Object returnValue, MethodParameter returnType,
        ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer, NativeWebRequest webRequest) throws Exception {

    ...
    if (responseEntity instanceof ResponseEntity) {
        int returnStatus = ((ResponseEntity<?>) responseEntity).getStatusCodeValue();
        outputMessage.getServletResponse().setStatus(returnStatus);
        if (returnStatus == 200) {
            if (SAFE_METHODS.contains(inputMessage.getMethod())
                    && isResourceNotModified(inputMessage, outputMessage)) {
                // Ensure headers are flushed, no body should be written.
                outputMessage.flush();
                // Skip call to converters, as they may update the body.
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    // Try even with null body. ResponseBodyAdvice could get involved.
    writeWithMessageConverters(responseEntity.getBody(), returnType, inputMessage, outputMessage);

    // Ensure headers are flushed even if no body was written.
    outputMessage.flush();
}

该方法提取出 responseEntity.getBody()，并传递个 MessageConverter，然后再继续调用 beforeBodyWrite 方法，这才是真相!!!