【spring4.0】@Configuration的使用

前言

从Spring3.0,@Configuration用于定义配置类,可替换xml配置文件,被注解的类内部包含有一个或多个被@Bean注解的方法,这些方法将会被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext类进行扫描,并用于构建bean定义,初始化Spring容器。

注意:@Configuration注解的配置类有如下要求:

  • @Configuration不可以是final类型;
  • @Configuration不可以是匿名类;
  • 嵌套的configuration必须是静态类。

一、@Configuation加载Spring方法

1.1、@Configuration配置spring并启动spring容器

@Configuration标注在类上,相当于把该类作为spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>,作用为:配置spring容器(应用上下文)

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    
    
    public TestConfiguration() {
    
    
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
    }
}

相当于:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"  
    xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
    xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">


</beans>

main方法进行测试:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
    }
}

从运行主方法结果可以看出,spring容器已经正常启动了:
在这里插入图片描述

1.2、@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命周期

@Bean标注在方法上(返回某个实例的方法),等价于spring的xml配置文件中的<bean>,作用为:注册bean对象

bean类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

public class TestBean {
    
    

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
    
    
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
    
    
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
    
    
        System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
    
    
        System.out.println("TestBean 销毁。。。");
    }
}

配置类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    
    
    public TestConfiguration() {
    
    
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
    }

    // @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
    // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
    
    
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

testBean()方法名称默认就是bean的名称,等价于:

<bean name="testBean" class="com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean" />

main方法测试类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
        // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
        
         //获取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

结果显示在调用getBean时,容器成功构造了TestBean类实例:
在这里插入图片描述
注:
(1)、@Bean注解在返回实例的方法上,如果未通过@Bean指定bean的名称,则默认与标注的方法名相同
(2)、@Bean注解默认作用域为单例singleton作用域,可通过@Scope(“prototype”)设置为原型作用域;
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注册bean对象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注册bean,当然需要配置@ComponentScan注解进行自动扫描。

@ComponentScan可以扫描指定路径下带@Component等标签的类;而在@Configuration类中定义的bean一般用于加载第三方的没带标签的类

更多参见原文


参考:
《spring4.0之二:@Configuration的使用》

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转载自blog.csdn.net/m0_45406092/article/details/114694515