在树莓派实际使用当中，我们会发现SD卡的存储并没有得到充分的利用，是否有办法让可用空间变的更大，毫无疑问肯定是有的。
准备环境
设备：树莓派 3B（其他型号也可以）
SD卡容量：16G
使用raspi-config扩容（建议）
首先输入"df -h"命令可以看到，当前root分区总共只用了3.1G，而可用空间仅剩288M，但实际我们的存储是16G的，所以可用空间理论上不应该这么小
pi@raspberrypi:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root 3.1G 2.7G 288M 91% /
devtmpfs 310M 0 310M 0% /dev
tmpfs 438M 0 438M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 438M 17M 421M 4% /run
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 438M 0 438M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 43M 22M 21M 51% /boot
tmpfs 88M 0 88M 0% /run/user/1000
pi@raspberrypi:~$
此时可以利用"raspi-config"对root分区进行扩容，输入如下命令：
sudo raspi-config
选择"7 Advanced Options"回车
然后选择"A1 Expand Filesystem Ensures that all of ….",回车
询问是否修改root分区，直接回车
到首页面，按"Tab"键，选择"Finish"，回车
询问是否重启，选择重启
重启完后，输入"df -h",会发现root分区已经扩容成功
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root 15G 2.9G 11G 22% /
devtmpfs 433M 0 433M 0% /dev
tmpfs 438M 0 438M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 438M 12M 426M 3% /run
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 438M 0 438M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1 253M 53M 200M 21% /boot
tmpfs 88M 0 88M 0% /run/user/1000
利用fdisk和resize2fs扩容（不推荐）
利用"fdisk"和"resize2fs"命令确认mmcblk0p2节点的其实地址为：“532480”（注：根据实际情况确认该地址，要输错了会导致分区出错，很重要！！！）,并对该分区重新创建：
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p #查看分区信息， /dev/mmcblk0p2 start地址很重要
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 14.6 GiB, 15681454080 bytes, 30627840 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xea7d04d6
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 532479 524288 256M c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 532480 7397375 6864896 3.3G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d #删除mmcblk0p2分区
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): n #新建分区
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2 #分区号选择2 即mmcblk0p2分区
First sector (2048-30627839, default 2048): 532480 #刚才查看的mmcblk0p2起始地址
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{
K,M,G,T,P} (532480-30627839, default 30627839): #默认直接回车
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 14.4 GiB.
Partition #2 contains a ext4 signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y
The signature will be removed by a write command.
Command (m for help): p #这里重新查看发现mmcblk0p2分区变大了
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 14.6 GiB, 15681454080 bytes, 30627840 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xea7d04d6
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 532479 524288 256M c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 532480 30627839 30095360 14.4G 83 Linux
Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 2 will be wiped.
Command (m for help): w #保存，如果输错了，按q不保存重新来
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo resize2fs /dev/mmcblk0p2 #利用resize2fs调整文件系统实际大小
resize2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
Filesystem at /dev/mmcblk0p2 is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
The filesystem on /dev/mmcblk0p2 is now 3761920 (4k) blocks long.
然后重启！
增大交换分区大小（建议）
虽然可用空间变大了，但我们在使用的实际当中会发现有些卡顿，这是因为树莓派默认的给的swap分区只要100M。
关于交换分区的解释大致如下：
Swap分区是存储上一个特殊用途的分区或文件，是当系统内存不够用的时候，把物理内存中的一部分空间释放出来，以供当前运行的程序使用。那些被释放或交换出来的内容就会被临时保存到Swap分区中，等到程序需要时，再从Swap分区中恢复数据到内存中。
修改方法如下：
通过修改"/etc/dphys-swapfile"文件的"CONF_SWAPSIZE"字段达到扩大交换分区的目的（以M为单位）
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo vi /etc/dphys-swapfile #输入如下命令
# /etc/dphys-swapfile - user settings for dphys-swapfile package
# author Neil Franklin, last modification 2010.05.05
# copyright ETH Zuerich Physics Departement
# use under either modified/non-advertising BSD or GPL license
# this file is sourced with . so full normal sh syntax applies
# the default settings are added as commented out CONF_*=* lines
# where we want the swapfile to be, this is the default
#CONF_SWAPFILE=/var/swap
# set size to absolute value, leaving empty (default) then uses computed value
# you most likely don't want this, unless you have an special disk situation
CONF_SWAPSIZE=2048 #将该字段的100改为2048
# set size to computed value, this times RAM size, dynamically adapts,
# guarantees that there is enough swap without wasting disk space on excess
#CONF_SWAPFACTOR=2
# restrict size (computed and absolute!) to maximally this limit
# can be set to empty for no limit, but beware of filled partitions!
# this is/was a (outdated?) 32bit kernel limit (in MBytes), do not overrun it
# but is also sensible on 64bit to prevent filling /var or even / partition
#CONF_MAXSWAP=2048
然后重启下服务
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo /etc/init.d/dphys-swapfile restart
[ ok ] Restarting dphys-swapfile (via systemctl): dphys-swapfile.service.
pi@raspberrypi:~
我们就把Swap分区从100M调整到了2G，可通过"free -m"命令查看
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 875 101 613 11 159 712
Swap: 2047 0 2047 #这里就是交换的内容
pi@raspberrypi:~ $
更多参考
学习自–编程那些年