future模式的核心在于：去除了主函数的等待时间，并使得原本需要等待的时间段可以用于处理其他业务逻辑；
本文只给出JDK内置实现方式
使用场景
在网上进行购物的时候，当看中某一件商品时，就可以提交订单，当订单处理完毕，便可以在家里等待商品送货上门，卖家根据订单从库房里取货，并配送到客户手中，客户可以在提交订单完毕继续做自己的工作，不必一直等待商品配送到手里。
模拟一段长时间任务
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
public class RealData implements Callable<String> {
private String para;
public RealData(String para){
this.para=para;
}
@Override
public String call() throws Exception {
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
sb.append(para);
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
return sb.toString();
}
}
模拟主任务
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
//构造FutureTask
FutureTask<String> future = new FutureTask<String>(new RealData("a"));
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
//执行FutureTask，相当于上例中的 client.request("a") 发送请求
//在这里开启线程进行RealData的call()执行
executor.submit(future);
System.out.println("请求完毕");
try {
//这里依然可以做额外的数据操作，这里使用sleep代替其他业务逻辑的处理
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
//相当于上例中得data.getContent()，取得call()方法的返回值
//如果此时call()方法没有执行完成，则依然会等待
System.out.println("数据 = " + future.get());
}
}
到这里已经讲解完毕，什么？你还不了解FutureTask吗？那我们接下来分析一下Future和FutureTask的区别
Future就是对于具体的Runnable或者Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果。必要时可以通过get方法获取执行结果，该方法会阻塞直到任务返回结果。
Future类位于java.util.concurrent包下，它是一个接口：
/**
* Attempts to cancel execution of this task. This attempt will
* fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
* or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
* and this task has not started when {@code cancel} is called,
* this task should never run. If the task has already started,
* then the {@code mayInterruptIfRunning} parameter determines
* whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
* an attempt to stop the task.
*
* <p>After this method returns, subsequent calls to {@link #isDone} will
* always return {@code true}. Subsequent calls to {@link #isCancelled}
* will always return {@code true} if this method returned {@code true}.
*
* @param mayInterruptIfRunning {@code true} if the thread executing this
* task should be interrupted; otherwise, in-progress tasks are allowed
* to complete
* @return {@code false} if the task could not be cancelled,
* typically because it has already completed normally;
* {@code true} otherwise
*/
boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
* normally.
*
* @return {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
*/
boolean isCancelled();
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this task completed.
*
* Completion may be due to normal termination, an exception, or
* cancellation -- in all of these cases, this method will return
* {@code true}.
*
* @return {@code true} if this task completed
*/
boolean isDone();
/**
* Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
* retrieves its result.
*
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
*/
V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
/**
* Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
* to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
*
* @param timeout the maximum time to wait
* @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
* @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
*/
V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;在Future接口中声明了5个方法，下面依次解释每个方法的作用：
1）cancel方法用来取消任务，如果取消任务成功则返回true，如果取消任务失败则返回false。参数mayInterruptIfRunning表示是否允许取消正在执行却没有执行完毕的任务，如果设置true，则表示可以取消正在执行过程中的任务。如果任务已经完成，则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false，此方法肯定返回false，即如果取消已经完成的任务会返回false；如果任务正在执行，若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为true，则返回true，若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为false，则返回false；如果任务还没有执行，则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false，肯定返回true。
2）isCancelled方法表示任务是否被取消成功，如果在任务正常完成前被取消成功，则返回 true。
3）isDone方法表示任务是否已经完成，若任务完成，则返回true；
4）get()方法用来获取执行结果，这个方法会产生阻塞，会一直等到任务执行完毕才返回；
5）get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)用来获取执行结果，如果在指定时间内，还没获取到结果，就直接返回null。
也就是说Future提供了三种功能：
1）判断任务是否完成；
2）能够中断任务；
3）能够获取任务执行结果。
因为Future只是一个接口，所以是无法直接用来创建对象使用的，因此就有了下面的FutureTask。
我们先来看一下FutureTask的实现：
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {...}FutureTask类实现了RunnableFuture接口，我们看一下RunnableFuture接口的实现：
public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
/**
* Sets this Future to the result of its computation
* unless it has been cancelled.
*/
void run();
} 可以看出RunnableFuture继承了Runnable接口和Future接口，而FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture接口。所以它既可以作为Runnable被线程执行，又可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值。
FutureTask提供了2个构造器：
/**
* Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
* given {@code Callable}.
*
* @param callable the callable task
* @throws NullPointerException if the callable is null
*/
public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.callable = callable;
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
/**
* Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
* given {@code Runnable}, and arrange that {@code get} will return the
* given result on successful completion.
*
* @param runnable the runnable task
* @param result the result to return on successful completion. If
* you don't need a particular result, consider using
* constructions of the form:
* {@code Future<?> f = new FutureTask<Void>(runnable, null)}
* @throws NullPointerException if the runnable is null
*/
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}事实上，FutureTask是Future接口的一个唯一实现类