Ubuntu20.04桌面系统快速上手教程

其他 2020-07-28 14:01:28 阅读次数: 0

更换国内软件源

cd /etc/apt

sudo mv sources.list sources.list.bak

sudo gedit sources.list

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Not recommended
# deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

sudo apt update

sudo apt upgrade

安装vim,git,netstat,curl,filezilla,wireshark,rar,unrar,zip,unzip,7z（按需安装）

sudo apt install -y  vim git  net-tools curl filezilla wireshark rar unrar zip unzip  p7zip-full

配置Vim

vi $HOME/.vimrc

set mouse=

set tabstop=4

set autoindent

set ts=4

set expandtab

set shiftwidth=4

set fileencodings=utf-8,ucs-bom,gb18030,gbk,gb2312,cp936

set termencoding=utf-8

set encoding=utf-8

自定义命令，快速登录远程服务器

sudo apt install expect

vim $HOME/.monitor_auto_test

#!/usr/bin/expect
set timeout 30

#窗口调整
trap {
    set rows [stty rows]
    set cols [stty columns]
    stty rows $rows columns $cols < $spawn_out(slave,name)
} WINCH

#端口 ip
spawn ssh -l root -p 端口 Ip
expect {
    "(yes/no?" {
            send "yes\n"
            expect "*password:"
            #password
            send "*******\r"
    }   
   "*password:" {
            #password
            send "*******\r"
   }
}

interact

vim $HOME/.bash_aliases

alias lg_test="$HOME/.monitor_auto_test"

source $HOME/.bashrc

ssh保持持久连接

sudo vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config

最后加入两个参数，每60s发送一个空包

TCPKeepAlive yes

ServerAliveInterval 60

安装postman

wget https://dl.pstmn.io/download/latest/linux64 -O postman.tar.gz

sudo tar -xzf postman.tar.gz -C /opt

sudo ln -s /opt/Postman/Postman /usr/bin/postman

vim ~/.local/share/applications/postman.desktop

[Desktop Entry]

Encoding=UTF-8

Name=Postman

Exec=postman

Icon=/opt/Postman/app/resources/app/assets/icon.png

Terminal=false

Type=Application

Categories=Development;

sudo apt install libgtk2.0-0:i386

sudo apt install libgconf-2-4

安装nginx

sudo apt install nginx

sudo systemctl enable nginx

安装mariadb

sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client

sudo systemctl enable mariadb

sudo mysql_secure_installation

Enter > Y > {your password} > {your password} > Y > Y > Y > Y

开启root密码验证

sudo mysql -uroot -p

update mysql.user set plugin='mysql_native_password' where user='root';

sudo systemctl restart mariadb

安装php

sudo apt install php7.2-fpm php-pear php7.2-dev php7.2-myql php7.2-mbstring php7.2-bcmath

cd /etc/php/7.2/fpm/pool.d

sudo vim www.conf

找到listen处注释掉listen = /run/php/php7.2-fpm.sock,新起一行

listen=127.0.0.1:9000

sudo systemctl restart php7.2-fpm

配置nginx转发php

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d

sudo vim xxx.conf

server {
    listen 80;
    root {your workpath};
    index  index.php index.html index.htm;
    server_name  {your virtual domain};

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    }
}

sudo systemctl restart nginx

cd {your workpath}

vim index.php

<?php
    phpinfo();

sudo vim /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1  {your virtual domain}

安装redis

sudo apt install redis-server

redis-cli

安装php-redis扩展

sudo apt install php-redis

php -m

安装wine（windows应用利器）

sudo apt install wine-binfmt

sudo update-binfmts --import /usr/share/binfmts/wine

安装微信开发者工具（先安装上面wine-binfmt平台）:（logo图）

cd /opt

sudo su

git clone https://github.com/cytle/wechat_web_devtools.git

cd wechat_web_devtools

./bin/wxdt install

./bin/wxdt

将logo图下载并且放到/opt/wechat_web_devtools/images/目录里，重命名为wechat.png,创建桌面快捷方式图标：

vim $HOME/.local/share/applications/devtool.desktop

[Desktop Entry]

Name=wechat devtools

Comment=wechat devtools

Exec=/opt/wechat_web_devtools/bin/wxdt

Icon=/opt/wechat_web_devtools/images/wechat.png

Terminal=false

Type=Application

Categories=Development

如果需要降/升到指定的版本

git tag

git checkout v1.02.1907300

安装phpstorm的tar.gz包

如我下载的是PhpStorm-2019.3.4.tar.gz

sudo su
 
mkdir /opt/phpstorm && tar -zxvf PhpStorm-2019.3.4.tar.gz -C /opt/phpstorm

cd /opt/phpstorm/bin

./phpstorm.sh

安装sublime-text

wget -qO - https://download.sublimetext.com/sublimehq-pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add -

sudo apt install apt-transport-https

echo "deb https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list

sudo apt update

sudo apt install sublime-text

安装oss

sudo su

unzip oss-browser-linux-x64.zip -d /opt/

sudo ln -s /opt/oss/oss-browser /usr/bin/oss

创建图标

sudo vim /usr/share/applications/oss.desktop

[Desktop Entry]

Name=oss

Comment=a ali tool for pic and video

Exec=oss

Icon=/opt/oss/resources/custom/icon.png

Terminal=false

Type=Application

Categories=Development

sudo apt install libgconf-2-4

安装网易云

sudo dpkg -i netease-cloud-music_1.2.1_amd64_ubuntu_20190428.deb

网易云字体问题修复

wget http://www.mycode.net.cn/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/YaHeiConsolas.tar.gz

tar -zxvf YaHeiConsolas.tar.gz

sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/fonts/myfont

sudo cp /*.ttf /usr/share/fonts/myfont/

sudo chmod 644 /usr/share/fonts/myfont/*.ttf

cd /usr/share/fonts/myfont& sudo mkfontscale && sudo mkfontdir && sudo fc-cache -fv

sudo shutdown -r now

gnome-tweaks

字体 > 界面文本 > YaHei Consolas Hybrid Bold

字体 > 文档文本 > YaHei Consolas Hybrid Bold

参考

安装截图工具flameshot

sudo apt install flameshot

设置快捷键:系统设置（Setting）> 设备（Devices）> 键盘（Keyboard)

name: flameshot gui

Command:flameshot gui

shotcut:Ctrl+Alt+A

安装charles

wget -q -O - https://www.charlesproxy.com/packages/apt/PublicKey | sudo apt-key add

sudo sh -c 'echo deb https://www.charlesproxy.com/packages/apt/ charles-proxy main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/charles.list'

sudo apt update

sudo apt install charles-proxy

激活

Registered Name:https://zhile.io

License Key: 48891cf209c6d32bf4

安装go

sudo apt install golang-go

安装GoLand的IDE

sudo su

mkdir goland && tar -zxvf goland-2019.1.3.tar.gz -C /opt/goland

cd /opt/goland/bin

./golang.sh

安装docker

sudo apt install docker.io

sudo chmod 666 /var/run/docker.sock

安装mongodb

sudo apt install mongodb

安装mongodb扩展

如果包phpize没有

php -v 查看php版本,如我是7.2

 sudo apt install php7.2-dev

sudo pecl install mongodb

往php.ini配置文件写入mongodb扩展

extension=mongodb.so

sudo systemctl restart php7.2-fpm

phpstorm安装mongodb插件

File > Plugins

搜索mongodb

安装后重启后在phpstorm右侧

安装lua

sudo apt install libreadline-dev

cd ~/下载

curl -R -O http://www.lua.org/ftp/lua-5.3.5.tar.gz

sudo tar zxf lua-5.3.5.tar.gz -C /opt

cd /opt/lua-5.3.5

sudo make linux test

sudo make install

安装lua的mysq驱动

cd ~/下载

wget https://luarocks.github.io/luarocks/releases/luarocks-3.1.3.tar.gz

tar zxpf luarocks-3.1.3.tar.gz

cd luarocks-3.1.3

./configure

sudo luarocks install luasocket

sudo apt install -y libmysqlclient-dev

sudo luarocks install luasql-mysql MYSQL_INCDIR=/usr/include/mysql

安装phpmyadmin

unzip phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages.zip -d $HOME/

全局安装composer

https://getcomposer.org/download/

按照官网命令安装后,移动composer

sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer

更改composer镜像源

composer config -g repo.packagist composer https://packagist.phpcomposer.com

参考

N卡驱动解决方案

在驱动安装之初，首先要清除老驱动或者没清除干净的驱动残留:

sudo apt-get remove --purge nvidia*

1.安装NVIDIA需要把系统自带的驱动(nouveau)禁用:

打开文件：

sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

在文件最后追加：

blacklist nouveau

2.保存退出，执行以下命令生效：

sudo update-initramfs -u

重启电脑后输入：

lsmod | grep nouveau

没有任何输出说明禁用成功。

显示显卡和可用显卡驱动

ubuntu-drivers devices

安装推荐的显卡驱动

sudo apt install xxx（驱动名，recommend那个）

查看nvidia占用情况

nvidia-smi

或者每2s刷新一次nvidia占用情况

watch -n 2 nvidia-smi

无线网卡驱动解决问题（如rtl8821ce）

sudo lshw -class network

解决2k屏分辨率太低问题

使用以下命令查看当前屏幕的连接情况

 xrandr

查询某分辨率的有效扫描频率(一般用cvt，无输出就用cvt -r)

cvt -r 2560 1440

新建一种xrandr模式，如2560x1440：(sudo xrandr --newmod后面接的是上面的结果)

sudo xrandr --newmode "2560x1440R"  312.25  2560 2752 3024 3488  1440 1443 1448 1493 -hsync +vsync

把该模式添加到当前的输出设备， 如我的是HDMI-1-2：

sudo xrandr --addmode HDMI-1-2 "2560x1440R"

把HDMI-1-2的分辨率指定为刚刚添加的新模式

sudo xrandr --output HDMI-1-2 --mode "2560x1440R"

由于重启后，设置好的2k分辨率并没有生效，所有要写个脚本，开机自启动

sudo vim /etc/init.d/highdpi

#!/bin/bash
cvt -r 2560 1440

xrandr --newmode "2560x1440R"  241.50  2560 2608 2640 2720  1440 1443 1448 1481 +hsync -vsync

xrandr --addmode HDMI-1-2 "2560x1440R"

xrandr --output HDMI-1-2 --mode "2560x1440R"

sudo chmod 755 /etc/init.d/highdpi

gnome-session-properties

名称：2560x1440R

命令：/etc/init.d/highdpi

注释：/etc/init.d/highdpi

参考

安装搜狗输入法

sudo apt install fcitx-bin

sudo apt install fcitx-table

安装完fcitx后在“设置 > 区域和语言 > 管理已安装的语言 > 键盘输入法系统”处把它替换为fcitx

sudo dpkg -i sogouimebs_2.0.0.38+0428.1_amd64.deb

sudo apt -f install

sudo apt purge ibus

sudo apt autoremove

sudo shutdown -r now

点击Ubuntu右上角顶栏的小键盘图标，选择“配置”，添加一个键盘-英语（美国），调到第一位，搜狗拼音放在第二位，其他删除（这样做可以起到避免搜狗输入法乱码的情况）

全局解决ubuntu缺失的等宽字体导致光标位置,字体模糊等问题

安装Monaco和Menlo

wget https://github.com/hbin/top-programming-fonts/blob/master/Menlo-Regular.ttf

wget https://github.com/hbin/top-programming-fonts/blob/master/Monaco-Linux.ttf

sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/fonts/myfont

sudo mv Menlo-Regular.ttf Monaco-Linux.ttf /usr/share/fonts/myfont/

安装Cousine*,SourceCodePro*,MonospaceTypewriter.ttf

wget https://www.aikaiyuan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Mono.7z

7z x Mono.7z

cd Mono

sudo cp Cousine* SourceCodePro* MonospaceTypewriter.ttf  /usr/share/fonts/myfont

cd /usr/share/fonts/myfont& sudo mkfontscale && sudo mkfontdir && sudo fc-cache -fv

sudo shutdown -r now

安装flatpak

sudo apt install flatpak

sudo apt install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak

flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo

重启系统让环境变量$XDG_DATA_DIRS生效

sudo shutdown -r now

教程

安装百度网盘

wget http://issuecdn.baidupcs.com/issue/netdisk/LinuxGuanjia/2.0.2/baidunetdisk_linux_2.0.2.deb

sudo dpkg -i xxx.deb

安装deepin-wechat（微信）

安装最新deepin-wine平台(2.18-19)

cd /opt

sudo git clone https://github.com/zq1997/deepin-wine

cd deepin-wine

sudo ./install.sh

安装deepin-wechat

cd ~/下载

wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/deepin/pool/non-free/d/deepin.com.wechat/deepin.com.wechat_2.6.8.65deepin0_i386.deb

sudo dpkg -i deepin.com.wechat_2.6.8.65deepin0_i386.deb

先登录wechat,然后退出

去除透明窗口，ChatContactMenu 和黑方块

sudo apt install xdotool

sudo vim /opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/xdotool_run.sh

#!/bin/bash
"/opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/run.sh">/dev/null 2>&1
start_succ=false
for i in {1..5}
do
	xdotool search --onlyvisible --classname "WeChat.exe"
	if [ $? == 0 ]
	then
		start_succ=true
		break
	fi
	sleep 10
done
if [ $start_succ == false ]
then
	exit 1
fi
windowclose=false
while :
do
	retval=$(xdotool search --onlyvisible --classname "WeChat.exe")
	
	if [ $? != 0 ]
	then
		exit 0
	fi
	login=true
	for id in $retval
	do
		windowname=$(xdotool getwindowname $id)
		if [ "$windowname" == "登录" ]
		then
			login=false
		fi
		
		if [ $windowclose == true ] && ([ "$windowname" == "" ] || [ "$windowname" == "ChatContactMenu" ])
		then
			xdotool windowclose $id
		fi
	done
	
	if [ $windowclose == true ]
	then
		exit 0
	fi
	if [ $login == true ]
	then
		windowclose=true
	fi
	sleep 2
done

sudo chmod +x /opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/xdotool_run.sh

sudo vim /usr/share/applications/deepin.com.wechat.desktop

Ｅxec一行修改为

Exec=/opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/xdotool_run.sh

系统语言非中文时，中文全显示成方块

sudo gedit /opt/deepinwine/tools/run.sh

将 WINE_CMD 那一行修改为

WINE_CMD="LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8 deepin-wine"

解决中文显示变黑方块问题

下载simsun.ttc字体（推荐用下面的msyh.ttc字体方法）

cd ~/下载

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sonatype/maven-guide-zh/master/content-zh/src/main/resources/fonts/simsun.ttc

cp simsun.ttc ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts

注册字体

gedit ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/simsun_config.reg

REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontSubstitutes]
"Arial"="simsun"
"Arial CE,238"="simsun"
"Arial CYR,204"="simsun"
"Arial Greek,161"="simsun"
"Arial TUR,162"="simsun"
"Courier New"="simsun"
"Courier New CE,238"="simsun"
"Courier New CYR,204"="simsun"
"Courier New Greek,161"="simsun"
"Courier New TUR,162"="simsun"
"FixedSys"="simsun"
"Helv"="simsun"
"Helvetica"="simsun"
"MS Sans Serif"="simsun"
"MS Shell Dlg"="simsun"
"MS Shell Dlg 2"="simsun"
"System"="simsun"
"Tahoma"="simsun"
"Times"="simsun"
"Times New Roman CE,238"="simsun"
"Times New Roman CYR,204"="simsun"
"Times New Roman Greek,161"="simsun"
"Times New Roman TUR,162"="simsun"
"Tms Rmn"="simsun"

注册

cd ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/

WINEPREFIX=~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat deepin-wine regedit simsun_config.reg

不行，尝试换一字体，下载msyh.ttc字体(微软雅黑)

cd ~/下载

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owent-utils/font/master/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BD%AF%E9%9B%85%E9%BB%91/MSYH.TTC

mv MSYH.TTC msyh.ttc

cp msyh.ttc ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts

注册字体

gedit ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/msyh_config.reg

REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontSubstitutes]
"Arial"="msyh"
"Arial CE,238"="msyh"
"Arial CYR,204"="msyh"
"Arial Greek,161"="msyh"
"Arial TUR,162"="msyh"
"Courier New"="msyh"
"Courier New CE,238"="msyh"
"Courier New CYR,204"="msyh"
"Courier New Greek,161"="msyh"
"Courier New TUR,162"="msyh"
"FixedSys"="msyh"
"Helv"="msyh"
"Helvetica"="msyh"
"MS Sans Serif"="msyh"
"MS Shell Dlg"="msyh"
"MS Shell Dlg 2"="msyh"
"System"="msyh"
"Tahoma"="msyh"
"Times"="msyh"
"Times New Roman CE,238"="msyh"
"Times New Roman CYR,204"="msyh"
"Times New Roman Greek,161"="msyh"
"Times New Roman TUR,162"="msyh"
"Tms Rmn"="msyh"

注册

cd ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/

WINEPREFIX=~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat deepin-wine regedit msyh_config.reg

无法发图片解决

sudo apt install libjpeg62:i386

参考文章：

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_37624415/article/details/82228572

https://github.com/wszqkzqk/deepin-wine-ubuntu/issues/136

https://github.com/wszqkzqk/deepin-wine-ubuntu/issues/22

https://github.com/wszqkzqk/deepin-wine-ubuntu/issues/207

https://gitee.com/dangbinghoo/deepin-wine-ubuntu-218

安装视频播放器

sudo apt install smplayer

安装utools

https://u.tools/download.html

安装typora

wget -qO - https://typora.io/linux/public-key.asc | sudo apt-key add -

sudo add-apt-repository 'deb https://typora.io/linux ./'
sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install typora

安装libreoffice

sudo apt install libreoffice

安装beyond compare

http://www.scootersoftware.com/download.php

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