目录
1、简单句的句型结构：
1-1、简单句
-
句子结构：
主+谓
主+谓+宾
主+谓+宾+宾
主+谓+宾+宾补
主+系+表
-
典型句式：
She is beautiful.
主 系 表（表语指修饰主语的，系动词就是过渡连系作用）；
I wash
my hands.
主 谓 宾 （宾语是承受者，有动作作用于宾语的叫谓语） ；
They are busy .
主 系 表
He
is running.（is是现在进行时的助动词）
主 谓
She
is reading
a book.
主 谓 宾
-
动词的分类：
She is beautiful. 连系动词
You must do it. 情态动词
I wash my hands. 实义动词
She is running. 助动词
1-2、句子组织的5步骤：
谁 ？—— 主语
干了什么 ？—— 谓语+宾语
如何干的 ？—— 方式状语
在哪儿干的 ？—— 地点状语
何时干的 ？—— 时间状语
-
他每天开心地在家等她。(He waits for her happily at home every day) .
谁 ？ He
干了什么 ？waits for her
如何干的 ？happily
在哪儿干的 ？at home
何时干的 ？every day
-
我昨天忙碌地在商场买了很多鞋。(I bought many shoes busily in the mall yesterday).
谁 ？ I
干了什么 ？bought many shoes
如何干的 ？busily
在哪儿干的 ？in the mall
何时干的 ？yesterday
-
他上周匆忙地离开了。（He left hurriedly last week）
谁 ？ He
干了什么 ？left
如何干的 ？hurriedly
在哪儿干的 ？........
何时干的 ？last week
2、否定句：
功能：说不
构成：
-
is not/am not/ are not
It is my name .--It is not my name.
She is pretty.--she is not pretty.
You are busy.--You are not busy.
I am listening .---I am not listening.
-
Don't + v.
Do it ! /Don't do it !
Come in ! /Don't come in !
Don't smoke !
Don't drop it ! 别摔了
Don't do that ! 别这么做！
Don't put it there ! 别放在那儿！
Don't work ! 不要工作了！
-
No+n.
Don't smoke !
No smoking !
No U turn 不准调头
No parking 不准停车
3、倒装句（就近原则）：
Your umbrella and your coat
are here.(正常的句子，名词是两个，谓语就用复数)；
你的雨伞和外套在这里。
Here
's your umbrella and your coat.（here提前后就是倒装句，谓语动词应用就近原则）；
这里是你的雨伞和外套。
4、一般疑问句：
功能：询问
构成：be 动词置于句前 be —— am , is , are
5、特殊疑问句：
-
特殊疑问词：
what、whose、how、who、which、where
-
语序
#1 特殊疑问词+be+名词
#2 特殊疑问词+名词+be+...
-
例句
what +be +名词
what +名词+be
what is your name? /what is your job?
what color/time/make/nationality is __?
whose+be +名词
whose+名词+be
whose is this shirt ?= whose shirt is this ?
whose is that phone?=whose phone is that?
How +be +名词
How are you ?
How is Sam ?
How is the weather?
who+be+名词
Who is that young man ? 那个年轻人是谁 ？
which +be+名词
which+名词+be
which is your book ?=which book is yours ? 哪一本是你的书 ？
where is/are +名词......?
where are you ? 你在哪儿？
6、There be 句型：
-
构成：There be(is,are)+地点
-
用法：
拥有 have
存在 There be .....
-
分类：
There is ...+ 单数名词
There are ....+ 复数名词
-
翻译：
There is one in my heart 那有一个人在我心里（错误）/
我心里有一个人（正确，要根据汉语特点来翻译）
There is a cooker in the kitchen
There are two chairs in the kitchen
7、祈使句：
-
动词+... ( 没有主语，动词打头， 用来表示命令、请求、建议等 );
表示命令：动词原形+... come in./ shut the door./ open the window./ air the room.....
表示请求：please+动词原形+.... please give it to me.
表示建议：let's+动词原形+.... let's go,ok ?
-
be+非动词（adj./prep./n./....）
Be careful !
Be happy !
Be good !
Be early !
Be here!
Be a good boy!
-
双宾语：give \show \take \teach .....
Give it to me.
give sth.to sb
=give sb. sth.
the vase :sth(some thing). me:sb(somebody)..
You
give
the vase
to me.
主 谓 宾 宾
You give me
the vase.
主 谓 宾 宾
I give some money to him.=I give him some money.
I give a flower to my mother.=I give my mother a flower.
I give her a candy= I give a candy to her. 我给了她一个糖果。
I show my new car to him.= I show him my new car.
There we are= we are there. 就这么着吧！/就到这儿吧！
8、冠词：
-
概念：戴着名词头上的帽子，没有特殊情况不能摘帽子
-
包括：a/ an /the
-
意思：a/an 一个，一间，一台、
the 这，那，这些，那些
-
分类：
定冠词 the -- 确定的，知道的
不定冠词 a\an -- 不确定的、不知道的
There is a monk. 那儿有一个和尚。
The monk is jack. 那个和尚叫Jack.
总结：初次出现，不了解，不确定，用不定冠词a\an，再次出现，了解了，用定冠词the
-
a/an 的区别
an + 元音发音开头的单词，其余用a
an egg、an orange、an hour
戴在名词头上的帽子，没有特殊情况不能宅帽子（特殊情况：国家、国籍、人名、城市名）。
I am from China / I like Beijing. / She is Japanese
9、代词
9-1、人称代词：
|
第..人称人称
|
|
主格
|
宾格
|
形容词性物主代词
|
名词性物主代词
|
中文意思
|
|
第一人称
|
单数
|
I
|
me
|
my
|
mine
|
我的
|
|
复数
|
we
|
us
|
our
|
ours
|
我们的
|
|
|
第二人称
|
单数
|
you
|
you
|
your
|
yours
|
你的
|
|
复数
|
you
|
you
|
your
|
yours
|
你们的
|
|
|
第三人称
|
单数
|
he,she,it
|
him,her,it
|
his,her,its
|
his,hers,its
|
他的，她的，它的
|
|
复数
|
they
|
them
|
their
|
theirs
|
他们的，她们的，它们的
|
9-2、指示代词：
-
the和that，this的区别；
the是冠词只能用在名词前面修饰名词，不能单独使用；
this,that是指示代词，不仅限于修饰名词，且可以单独使用，如：I like this/that；
-
these 这些
this 这个 — these 这些
that 那个 — those 那些
This is his watch / These are their watches
-
Here用法：
Here is my ticket/my ticket is here（英语中重点先行，常用第一种句式，把here放前面）；
9-3、反身代词：
-
反身代词
第一，第二人称：用物主代词+self
第三人称：用人称代词+self
|
|
我（们）自己
|
你（们）自己
|
他自己
|
她自己
|
它自己
|
|
单数
|
myself
|
yourself
|
himself
|
herself
|
itself
|
|
复数
|
ourselves
|
yourselves
|
themselves
|
||
-
英语中为什么有反身代词 ？何时用 ？
a、强调主语&宾语
He
himself sent me a gift. 他亲自送我一件礼物。
I see Obama
himself. 我见了奥巴马本人。
b、不言而喻的宾语
Take good care of
yourself.
好好照顾自己
Enioy
yourself.
-
用法
a、介词+反身代词
by oneself 独自、依靠自己
I'm going to swim by myself.
He's going ti lean English by himself.
between oneself 私下
It's just between ourselves. 这是我们之间的秘密
b、动词+反身代词
enjoy oneself 玩的开心，过的愉快
They always enjoy themselves.
help oneself 随意
Help yourselves, please. (朋友到家做客，让他随意些的表达)
10、介词
10-1、介词 prep
-
介词：媒婆，连接两个词或者句子
-
包括：
on、in、
of 属于
near 靠近，旁边
off 离开
over 跨越，上方
between 两者之间
alone 沿着
in front of 前面
behind 后面
under 下面
across 穿过
The book
is on the desk . 那本书在桌子上（句子）
The book on the desk . 在桌子上的那本书（介词短语）
—— 句子中使用介词时，别忘记动词，否则就不是句子，而是介词短语，且翻译也不同；
介词短语：
on the right
on the left
in the front of
因为这些方位词都是名词，只能借用一些固定的介词修饰，构成短语才能使用；
10-2、时间前是否加介词
-
需要加介词的情况：
at + 时间点
on + 天
in + 月、季、年
I am going to see him
at ten o'clock.
It's cold
in winter and hot
in summer.
-
不需要加介词的情况：
today\ tomorrow\ yesterday\
this...\that...\next....\last.....
It's sunny today.
I'm going to meet some friends tomorrow.
He is going to go abroad next year.
11、副词
11-1、副词和形容词的区别：
-
形容词：修饰名词
a busy day,a pretty girl...
-
副词：修饰adj.\v.\adv.
a、修饰adj.
-I am tired. -I am
very tired. -I am
so tired.
-I am
too tired. - I am
awfully tired.
b、修饰 v.
I love you.
I love you
very much.
I love you
deeply.
-
副词的位置：通常情况，形前动后
I am
very tired.
I swim
well. 我游泳游的很好。
I love you
very much. 我非常爱你。
-
hard 词性讨论：
hard work 艰苦的工作 adj.
work hard 努力地工作 adv
11-2、频率副词：
-
频率副词： never、seldom 、sometimes、often、usually、always
-
频率副词的位置： 通常情、系后，实义前 (不是绝对的，具体也要看语境)
He can
never sleep.
She is
seldom ill.
He
always loves her.
I can never remember.
I never can remember. 我永远也记不住。（表示语气坚决了）
11-3、地点副词：
-
表示地点的副词：
home/ there /here/ upstairs/ downstairs.....
stay here
go there
come upstairs
go downstairs
stay at home
11-4、方式副词：
-
功能
-
位置
-
种类
地点副词：here，there，home
频率副词：always，often，sometimes
时间副词：today，yesterday...
方式副词：slowly，suddenly，quickly ...
11-5、adj.-- >adv之规则：
1>.一般直接+ly,如 quickly
2>.辅+y结尾，变y为i+ly，如lazy-lazyily, happy-happily；
3>.以ll-结尾，直接+y，如fully.
4>.辅音+le，e变y，如able-ably,single-singly ;
5>.元音+e结尾，去e+ly, true-truly.
12、名词
12-1、名词所有格：
' s+名词 ,
有生命的：
-
Lucy 's friend lucy的朋友
-
Lily's book Lily 的书.
-
my mother's bag 我妈妈的包
-
my father's watch 我爸爸的手表
-
Jim and jack's room Jim和Jack的房间（房间属于二人共有）
-
Jim's and Jack's rooms Jim和Jack的房间（有两间房，两人单独一个房间）
-
The lady over there is Julia and Shelley's mother.
of , 无生命的：
-
the photo of my school 我学校的照片
-
the name of the song 这首歌的名字
-
the color of my car 我的车的颜色
-
the window of the room 这房间的窗户
12-2、名词单数-复数的规则：
-
以s、sh、x、ch结尾的+es /iz/
a bus —— buses
a box —— boxes
a brush —— brushes(刷子)
bench — benches
-
以f、fe结尾的变f,fe —— ves /vz/
a wife — wives
a shelf — shelves
a knife — knives (小刀)
a leaf — leaves (树叶)
-
土豆、西红柿、黑人、英雄 + es /z/
a potato - potatoes
a tomato - tomatoes
a Negro - Negroes
a hero - heroes
-
其他+ s \z\
a zoo - zoos
a radio - radios
a photo - photos
-
辅音字母+y结尾的名词，变y - i +es /iz/
a baby - babies
a lady - ladies
a fly - flies
-
通常以复数形式出现的词
jeans (牛仔裤)、pants (裤子)、shorts (短裤)、glasses
-
不规则变形：
man--men
woman--women
foot--feet
tooth--teeth
child--children
-
单复同形：
sheep--sheep，fish--fish
clothes
people
hair
12-3、不可数名词
-
概念：不可以数，不可以计算的名词；
a、液体状的东西：water\tea\coffee\milk\beer
b、物质名词：soap\gold\chocolate\tobacco
c、抽象名词：love\friendship\anger.....
d、无法计算：work\homework\rice\rain....
-
用法：
前面不可以加one、two、three....
前面不可以加a\an；
后面不可以加s，永远是单数
a water \two tea\
some milks \breads ------ 错误的
the beer\ the cheese \some rice -----正确的
-
与量词的搭配：
a piece of bread 一片面包
a loaf of bread 一个面包
a bar of soap 一条肥皂
a bottle of cola 一瓶可乐
a pound of 一磅的
a tin of cola 一罐可乐
a cup of
a box of
a spoon of suger 一勺糖
-
Are there any +复数/ Is there any + 不可数
Are there any
hammers behind that box ?
Is there any the
bread on the table ?
Is there any
milk in front of the door ?
13、量词
-
量词：
a piece of..... 一片、一块的.....
a loaf of.... 一个、一条的.....
a bar of .... 一条、一块的....
a bottle of ... 一瓶的
a pound of 一磅的
a tin of ... 一罐的
a cup of
a box of
a spoon of
-
some和any的用法区别：
some用在肯定句中；any用在否定、疑问句中
但在表请求、建议的疑问句中用some
Can you lend me some money ? 你可以借我点钱嘛？
Would you like to drink some tea ? 你想喝点茶嘛？
some +单数名词，“某一”
any +单数名词，“任一”
Some day,he can be some one. 某一天，他可能成为个人物
You can buy it in any supermarket. 你可以在任何一个超市买到
14、动词
15-1、情态动词
15-1-1、Can：
-
概念：表示情感、态度
You
must go out !
Can you please stand up ?
-
包括：can、must、may.....
-
用法：
can 不选人称：
can you help me ? are you ....?
can she do it ? Is she ..... ?
can we swim together ? are we ...?
can they ....? are they.... ?
can + 动词，且原形 ：
can you
help me ? 你可以帮我嘛 ？
can she
do it ? 她可以做这事嘛？
can we
swim together ? 我们可以一起游泳嘛？
can they ....?
-
疑问句：情态动词提前
He can read it.
Can he read it ?
He can do it .
Can he do it ?
-
否定句：
can -- can't cannot
正式用语中不能使用can not，口语中可以使用，起加强语气的作用
must -- mustn't 禁止
语气稍弱时可以用don't need to 表不必；
may -- may not
14-1-2、must：
-
a、疑问：Must I clean the room ? 我必须清扫屋子嘛？
-
b、否定：I mustn't clean the room. 我不必清扫屋子
mustn't 表绝对不可以，禁止，一般是权威人士，如医生，警察表达，
语气不那么强烈的可换成don't need to (不必，不需要)；
14-2、助动词（Do）：
如何区分用do还是be动词提问：
-
be+形容词/名词/介词时，（用be动词提问：如一般疑问句当中）
Are they
happy ?
Are they
students ?
Are they
on the subway ?
-
Do+动词 ？
Do you
like coffee ?
Do you
want any sugar ?
Do you
speak English ?
Do you often
eat breakfast ?
注意：在现在进行时态中属于特例，主语+is/am/are + doing；
You are eating breakfast./ Are you eating breakfast (这里是当有be动词优先选用be，没有才用助动词)
-
Do you want any meat today ?
先看词性（动词 or 非动词）：
Are you +非动词 ？
Do you +动词 ？
再看人称（三单 or 非三单 ）：
Do you ......?
Does she \he\it..... ?
Does he study in Beijing ? 他在北京学习嘛？
Do you eat at home ? 你经常在家吃饭嘛？
注：Lily,Sam，Mr.Lee，his，mother，her uncle, this lady,that man,Beijing,the moon 都是第三人称单数形式
-
否定句中
be not +形容词/名词/介词....
They are not
happy.
They are not
students.
They ate not
on the subway.
do not +动词
I don't speak English.
You don't often eat breakfast.
14-3、动词第三人称单数：
|
名词的复数
|
动词的第三人称
|
|
A.+s
|
A.+s
|
|
a book--books
|
come--comes
|
|
a bottle--bottles
|
make--makes
|
|
a cat--cats
|
dust--dusts
My mother dusts the table every day
|
|
B. 辅音+y-ies
|
B. 辅音+y-ies
|
|
a lady --ladies
|
study--studies
My sister studies hard every day.
|
|
a baby--babies
|
try--tries
|
|
C. s/sh/ch/x/+es
|
C. s/sh/ch/x/+es
|
|
a watch--watches
|
watch--watches
My dog watches TV every night.
|
|
a bus--buses
|
pass--passes
|
|
a dish--dishes
|
wish--wishes
|
|
D. o+es
|
D. o+es
|
|
a potato--potatoes
|
go--goes
|
|
a hero--heroes
|
do--does
My father does the housework every day
|
14-4、have
-
词性：实义动词
-
人称变化：
I / You/ We have....
He/ she/ it
has...
-
疑问句：
Do you have ..... ?
Does she/he/it have ....?
-
否定句：
don't .... /doesn't....
Do you have a girlfriend ? I don't have a girlfriend.
Does she have a boyfriend ? She doesn't have a boyfriend.
14-5、感官动词：
-
look（看起来）、sound（听起来）、feel（感觉）、taste（尝起来）、smell（闻起来）
-
词性：半系动词，半实义动词
-
半实义动词：
a、人称&时态变化：
do-does、look-looks，sound-sounds，feel-feel，smell-smells，taste-tastes
He looks very busy. 他看起来很忙。
The bread smells yummy. 面包闻起来很香。
b、疑问句：
do/does
Do you cook ? 你做饭嘛？
Do you feel hot ? 你感觉热嘛？
Does the music sound beautiful? 音乐听起来美嘛 ？
c、否定句：
don't/doesn't
I don't cook. 我不做饭
I don't feel hot. 我感觉不热。
The music doesn't sound beautiful.
The bread doesn't smell yummy.
-
半系动词
she is
listening to music
carefully./ I
eat my breakfast
quickly. 实义动词-副词
You
look young./ It
tastes good. 感官动词-形容词
You look very hot 你像是很热。
I feel ill/sick. 我觉得不舒服。
The dish tastes good. 这道菜尝起来不错。
The song sounds familiar 这首歌听起来很熟悉。
The food smells
good and sells
well . good和well的区别？？
14-6、动词过去式的不规则变化：
1>、cut - cut 切，割
let - let 让
put - put 放
cost - cost 花费，值
hurt - hurt 使... 伤痛
read - read 读
2>、fly - flew 飞
blow - blew 吹
draw - drew 画
grow - grew 生长
know - knew 知道
3>、begin - began 开始
drink - drank 喝
sing - sang 唱
swim - swam 游泳
4>、feel - felt 感到
keep - kept 保持
leave - left 离开
sleep - slept 睡
sweep - swept 扫
5>、catch - caught 抓
teach - taught 教
6>、meet - met 遇见
get - got 得到
sit - sat 坐
win - won 赢
7>、build - built 建造
send - sent 送，寄
spend - spent 花费
make - made 制造
hear - heard 听见
8>、情态动词的过去式
can - could 能
may - might 也许
must - must 必须
will - would 会
15、现在进行时态
-
现在进行时：此时此刻正在做的动作；
-
动词分词:
1、一般+ing；
2、以不发音的e结尾，去e+ing.（take—taking）；
3、辅+元+辅（汉堡结构），双写辅音字母+ing（除opening、sharpening、listening.）；
-
现在进行时态构成：
主语+am/is/are(助动词)+doing
-
现在进行时的一般疑问：
Is/am/are+主语+doing ?
What is she doing ? She is teaching.
Where is she teaching? She is teaching in the classroom.
What is she teaching ? She is teaching math.
16、一般将来时态
-
何时用？
预先计划和打算要做的事
-
固定结构：
主+is\am\are+going to
-
注意事项：
主+is\am\are+going to
+
动词原形
主+is\am\are+going to
+
地点名词
主+is\am\are+going to
be + 非动词
-
例句：
I am going to
swim this weekend. 我打算周末去游泳。
He is going to
buy a new car. 他打算买辆新的。
We are going to
Shanghai. 我们打算去上海。
I am going to
be busy next week. 我打算下周开始忙起来。
He is going to
be at home this weekend. 他计划这周末待家里。
They are going to
be in Beijing
. 他们打算以后在北京。
-
be going to 句型的疑问和否定：
疑问：be 提前
否定：be+not
Is she going to swim this weekend ? 她打算周末去游泳吗？
She
is not going to swim this weekend ? 她补打算周末去游泳。
17、一般现在时态
17-1、一般现在时态
-
何时用？
经常的状态；
习惯的动作
真理
-
结构
经常的状态；主语+is\am\are +非动词
习惯的动作；主语+v. (动词)
真理；主语+is\am\are，主语+v.
The earth is round.
The sun rises in the east.
-
动词？
主语+v.
主语为非三单+动词原形
主语为三单+动词s\es
注：非三单：第一，第二，第三人称复数（I ,we , you , they）
三单：第三人称单数，she,he ,it
My dog
watches TV at night；
The student
goes to school on foot.
Sam and
eat together
-
疑问？ Do+非三单，Does+三单
They drink beer every night.
Do they drink beer every night ?
He loves his girlfriend very much .
Does he love his girlfriend very much ?
-
否定？ 非三单+don't，三单+doesn't
They drink beer every night.
They don't drink beer every night .
He loves his grilfriend very much .
He
doesn't love his girlfriend very much.
17-2、一般现在时&现在进行时
-
功能不同
a、一般现在：
习惯的状态、经常的动作、真理；
b、现在进行：
此时此刻正在做、一段时间内做。
-
结构不同：
a、一般现在：主语+is\am\are，主语+v.
b、现在进行：主语+is\am\are+doing
-
时间状语不同
a、一般现在：every...always,usually,often,sometimes
b、现在进行：now,at the moment.....
I usually have lunch at 12:00,But I am having lunch now at 2:00.
—— 我通常12点吃饭，但今天都这会儿了，2点才吃；
He usually draws at 7:00, But he is drawing now today.
—— 他通常7点画画，但今天现在在画；
18、一般过去时态：
18-1、一般过去时态：
|
一般现在时态
|
一般过去时态
|
|
a、经常的状态：
主语+is\am\are
|
a、过去经常的状态：
主语+was\were
|
|
b、习惯的动作：
主语+v. (动词)
|
b、过去习惯的动作：
主语+v.(did)
|
|
c、真理
主语+is\am\are
主语+v.(动词)
|
|
she is beautiful / she was beautiful.
He is a boy / He was a boy .
You are at home /you were at home.
I was in red 当时我穿着红色的衣服
My chin was in my left hand. 当时我左手托着腮帮。
-
动词过去式的变化：
1>、一般情况+ed，call-called，air-aired;
2>、以字母e结尾+d, live-lived，love-loved;
3>、以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+ed, try--tried，study-studied;
4>、辅+元+辅（汉堡包结构），将辅音字母双写+ed，stop--stopped;
5>、特殊结构：go--went，make--made;
I studied in the US in 2010. 我2010年在美国学习；
The bus stopped just now. 公车刚刚停下来了。
They lived in New York two years ago. 他们两年前居住在纽约。
I aired the room this morning. 我上午给房间通风了。
I went to Xingjiang six years ago.
I made a snow man last winter.
-
一般过去时态：
疑问词：Did+动词？
否定句：Didn't +动词
I watched "Toy Story 3"last month. 我上个月看了玩具总动员3.
Did you watch "Toy Story 3"last month.
I didn't watch "Toy Story 3"last month.
I cleaned my room this morning.
Did you clean your room this morning.
I didn't clean my room this morning.
18-1、There be 句型的过去式
1、构成：There be(was,were )+地点
2、用法：拥有--have, 存在---there be....
3、分类：There was... + 单数名词
There were...+ 复数名词
4、使用：
There were hundreds of
guests in the hotel yesterday. 酒店昨天有很多客人
There were many
foreigners in Beijing
during（在...期间） the Olympic Games. 奥运会时北京的老外特别的多。
There was a river here before. 从前这里有一条河。
5、疑问句：(was/were提前)
Was there a river here before?
Were there so many subway lines in Beijing? 以往北京也有这么多地铁线嘛？
Was there
litter on the
pavement yesterday ? 人行道上昨天有垃圾嘛？
6、否定句:（was/were+not）
There was not a river here before. 从前这里没有河.